The new curriculum reform brought forth under the context of a new round of knowledge transformation has endowed teaching process with new meanings. A new type of teacher-student realationship characteristized with equality, democracy and dialogue is the precondition of successful teaching under the context of new curriculum reform; Knowledge and meaning reconstruction by the way of presetting and generating is the main feature of teaching process; The development process consisting of knowledge and life of both teachers and students is the ideal goal of new curriculum reform.

In the first half of 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 46 new drugs, including 10 new molecular entities and 10 new biologic license applications. According to the prescription information for professionals, this article introduces the description, mechanism of action and clinical studies, briefly describs the box warning, indications and usage, dosage and administration, dosage form and strength, contraindications, warning and precautions, adverse reactions, drug interaction and use in special population of these new drugs. In addition, the “first events” in the history of new drug research, development and approval are also discussed.

Objective To explore the related risk factors of esophageal variceal bleeding (BEV).Methods 69 liver cirrhosis patients with BEV were selected as the observation group.60 liver cirrhosis patients with no BEV were selected as the control group.The two groups were observed of age and the degree of esophageal varices,portal vein diameter (PVD),splenic vein diameter(SVD),thickness of spleen(SPT),the maximum depth of ascites fluid dark area (ASmax) and other related ultrasound index.Laboratory indexes were including prothrombin time (PT),serum total bilirubin (TBIL),serum albumin(ALB).Results The average age of the observation group was (52.71 ± 4.33) years old,which was higher than (46.83 ± 5.19) years old of the control group (t =4.08,P ＜0.05).The liver function(Child-pugh) Grade A and grade C in the observation group patients were 78.33％ and 0.00％,and compared with the control group,the difference was significant statistically (x2 =4.97,P ＜ 0.05).Esophageal varices with severe and mild of the observation group were 80.00％ and 1.67％,and compared with the control group,the difference was statistically significant(x2 =4.08,5.48,P ＜0.05).RC of the observation group was 78.33％,which was higher than 30.43％ of the control group(x2 =5.11,P ＜ 0.05).PVD,SVD,SPT and ASmax of the observation group were (16.05 ±3.14)mm,(11.24 ±3.21)mm,(46.90 ±6.26)mm and (57.91 ±6.11)mm,respectively,and compared with the control group,the differences were significant statistically (t =4.37,6.12,5.18,7.22,all P ＜ 0.05).PT of the observation group was (17.66 ± 2.08) s,which was higher than (13.93 ± 1.67) s of the control group (t =4.75,P ＜0.05).TBIL of the observation group was (172.63 ± 16.50) μmol/L,which was higher than (138.44 ± 12.71) μmol/L of the control group(t =5.44,P ＜ 0.05).ALB of the observation group patients was (27.36 ± 3.44) g/L,which was lower than (30.85 ± 2.75) g/L of the control group(t =7.09,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Age,liver function,PT and RC,PT,ASmax,PVD were related risk factors of patients with BEV.

In the Qing Dynasty,TANG Rong-chuan holded that 'qi blocked by blood would result in pain,and blood vaporized by qi would change into pus'.Take the surgical disease for example,pathogens of sore would be easily expelled by vigorous qi,on the contrary,if qi was deficient the pathogens of sore would be hardly expelled.Qi was water,qi reached so water reached.So the blood changed into pus which liked water-shape in terms of qi.Wound would maturate after was touched with water.Water was the essence of qi.So,blood stasis would transform into sore when it was influenced by qi.Whereas,the blood stasis was still blood without the influence of qi.Blood obeyed to qi,qi controlled blood flow.So,in clinic,the blood disease should be treated by regulating qi.Qi and blood played important role in the occurrence,development,prognosis and the treatment of the sore disease.

In the first half year of 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved 11 new molecular entities and 5 new biologic license applications. According to the prescription information for professionals, this article introduces the description, mechanism of action and clinical studies; briefly describes the box warning, indications and usage, dosage and administration, dosage form and strength, contraindications, warning and precautions, adverse reactions, drug interaction and use in special population of these new drugs. In addition, the first and critical events in the history of new drug reaserch and development are emphasized.

Objective The present study aimed at the effect observation of vocal polyps treated with CO2 laser and laryngeal microsurgery. Methods The subjects were 60 patients, 30 were treated by CO2 laser and 30 by laryngeal microsurgery. A set of tests had been routinely used for vocal polyp patients in this study. The tests included(1) indirect laryngoscopic examination,(2)voice analysis: PPQ(pitch perturbation quotient), APQ(amplitude perturbation quotient), H/N(harmonics to noise ratio).(3)psychoacoustic evaluation: GRBAS method: Grade(G), Rough(R), Breathy(B), Asthenic(A), Strained(S). Results After operation, the recovery time of vocal cord for CO2 laser treated group was longer than that in the laryngeal microsurgery group. The acoustic parameters PPQ for CO2 laser group were larger than that in the laryngeal microsurgery group, moreover H/N values were smaller than that in laryngeal microsurgery group. The psychoacoustic evaluation for CO2 laser group was rough and strained, and for laryngeal microsurgery group was only rough. Conclusion The curative effect of laryngeal microsurgery is definite. Microsurgery is better than CO2 laser when recovery time and vocal function improvement are considered.

In the second half of 2016,the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved 7 new molecular entities and 3 new Biologic License Application(BLA), the lowest number in recent years. According to the prescription information for profes-sionals,this article introduced the description,mechanism of action and clinical studies and briefly describes the boxed warning,indi-cations and usage,dosage and administration,dosage form and strength,contraindications,warning and precautions,adverse reac-tions,drug interaction and the use in the special population. In addition,the first and critical events in the history of new drug develop-ment and reaserch were emphasized.

In the first half year of 2016,the U.S. food and drug administration(FDA)approved 9 new molecular entities and 8 new biologic license applications. According to the prescription information for professionals,this article introduces the description, mechanism of action and clinical studies;briefly describes the box warning,indications and usage,dosage and administration,dos?age form and strength,contraindications,warning and precautions,adverse reactions,drug interaction and use in special population of these new drugs. In addition,the first and critical events in the history of new drug development and reaserch are emphasized.

Objective To observe safety and effectiveness of Dezocine in postoperative analgesia of pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy by the continuous intravenous infusion of different doses,and to explore appropriate dosage of Dezocine for pediatric postoperative analgesia.Methods Elective tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy require-ments of postoperative analgesia in children 120 cases,they were randomly divided into A,B,C,D groups of 30 cases by using number table.After surgery patient -controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA)two days,A,B,C groups were given Dezocine 0.2,0.3,0.4mg·kg -1 ·d -1 continuous intravenous infusion,D group received Sufentanil 1μg· kg -1 ·d -1 continuous intravenous infusion.Observed and recorded pain scores and sedation scores for postoperative 6h,12h,24h and 48h;recorded adverse reactions,pressing the number and effective pressing times of children within 48h after surgery.;recorded overall evaluation of postoperative analgesia of children and parents.Results A group at each time point pain score was significantly higher than B,C,D three groups,the difference was statistically significant (tAB =12.003,PAB =0.049;tAC =7.542,PAC =0.036;tAD =40.990,PAD =0.009);A,B,C three groups at each time point sedation score was significantly lower than D,the difference was statistically significant(tDA =3.894,PDA =0.030;tDB =5.020,PDB =0.039;tDC =36.103,PDC =0.016);D group of adverse reactions were significantly higher than A,B,C three groups,the difference was statistically significant(χ2DA =20.738,PDA =0.000,χ2DB =4.35,PDB =0.029,χ2DC =5.98,PDC =0.025);A group within 48h postoperative analgesia press times and the number of valid pressing were significantly higher than B,C,D three groups,the difference was statistically significant(tAB =3.003, PAB =0.036;tAC =5.720,PAC =0.031;tAD =37.157,PAD =0.015);B,C two groups of children and parents to evaluate postoperative analgesia overall satisfaction rates were 90.0%,93.3%,significantly higher than A 63.3%,D 60.0%,and the difference statistically significant (χ2AB =5.310,PAB =0.031;χ2DC =19.640,PDC =0.000). Conclusion Dezocine 0.3mg·kg -1 ·d -1 continuous intravenous infusion for pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoid-ectomy is safe and effective in postoperative analgesia and fewer adverse reactions,and should be promoted.

Objective To analyze the value of carbon nanoparticles in the cleaning of thyroid cancer lymph node.Methods 80 patients with thyroid cancer from March 2012 to March 2013 were included in this study.Based on the sequence of enrollment,they were randomly divided into two groups:the therapy group (n=40)were received Nano carbon lymphatic tracer before basic operative treatment and the control group (n=40)were directly received the same basic operative treatment.The liver function parameters in two groups were observed and compared statistically. Results The operating time,operative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume had no statistically significant difference between two groups.The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia in experimental group was lower than that in blank control group(P<0.05 ).The parathyroid hormone level in experimental group on the first postoperative day was higher than that in blank control group(P<0.05 ).The number of resected lymph nodes in experimental group was more than that in blank control group(P<0.01).Conclusion Nano carbon lymphatic tracer technique can increase the cleaning number of lymph node of thyroid cancer patients in central region,and realize the accurating tumor stage.