Esophageal cancer morbidity and mortality are high,but it is also the most difficult to treat and cure one of the malignant tumors.At present,immunoinhibitors have made breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer,and related research,Which have become a hot field for the clinical study of immunological checkpoint procedural death molecule 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 antibody.In this paper,we reviewed the progress of PD -1/PD-L1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

This paper explored influences of situational teaching competition on improvement of pathology teaching effect.Students were grouped to create situational teaching works under teacher's guidance and finally competition was carried out.Teachers were invited to do the judgment and evaluation on pathology teaching was made through teachers' feedback and students' questionnaire survey.Results showed that during the process of situational teaching centered on students,teaching forms were diversified,teacher evaluation was high and students' responses were active.Application of situational teaching competition made exchanging the roles of teachers and students and teaching in joy,which on the one hand stimulated students' enthusiasm,initiative and creativity and on the other hand improved teaching level of teachers.Satisfactory teaching effects were achieved after using this method.

Objective This paper sums up professor Zhang Peiying's clinical experience in diagnosing and treating unstable angina(UA) of coronary heart disease. [Methods]Generalizing the pathogenesis, rules of treatment and principle of diagnosis about UA, through the reference of classical theory of Traditional Chinese medicine and clinical observation. Then analyse professor Zhang Peiying's characteristics about diagnosing and treating UA by two examples of medical record.[Results]Professor Zhang considers deficiency of Qi and stagnation of phlegm is the premise and foundation of UA, holds that stagnation of phlegm, stagnation of blood and spasm of heart vessel are the key causes of the disease and removing blood stasis, relieving spasm of vessel, strengthening the spleen and reducing phlegm is the basic treatment principle. He divides UA into 4 categories: stagnation of heart blood syndrome, stagnation of phlegm and blood syndrome, deficiency of Qi and stagnation of blood syndrome,weakness of Yang with stagnation of phlegm and blood. [Conclusions]Professor Zhang Peiying's scholar thought and clinical experience in diagnosing and treating UA of coronary heart disease is effective. His thought and clinical experience are worth extending and applying.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is a rare malignant tumor with strong invasive ability and high malignancy.It is difficult to early diagnose and the radical surgery is hard.The prognosis is very poor with the median survival of six months approximately.The surgery is a primary treatment.For patients who can not be treated by surgery radiotherapy which is a feasble way.Respectively at a certain extent can improve the control rate,however chemotherapy does not show obvious advantages.

This thesis discusses the innovation of pharmaceutical education by analyzing its new trends.The author also puts forward some methods to accelerate the innovation in pharmaceutical education.

Objective To analyze the reliability of MRI malignant signs of soft tissue masses in extremities.Methods MRI features of soft tissue masses were analyzed retrospectively with emphasis on 30 cases with malignant MRI signs based on pathologic results,and these 30 cases were divided into two groups(benign lesions and malignant tumor group).The reliability of malignant signs for malignant tumor was evaluated.Results(1)The qualitative diagnostic accurate rate for benign and malignant masses was 89.7% and the histopathologic qualitative diagnostic accurate rate was 66.2% by MRI;(2)The findings of invasion and edema around the masses in diagnosis of malignant tumors had a remarkable statistical significance among five malignant signs(P0.05);(3)The sign of indefinite sturcture of muscular fibrosis had statistical significance between benign and malignant tumor diagnosis(P

Objective To summarize the experience of surgical of complete pulmonary venous connection in neonates,and analyze the risk factors.Methods Between June 2010 to June 2016,21 consecutive neonates under went surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.There were 15 males and 6 females at mean age 20d,and the mean weight was 3.5kg.There were 10 patients with supracardiac,of which 6 patients with intracardiac,4 patients with infracardiac,and 1 patients with mixed.Clinical variables possibly associated with death were examined using Logistic regression analysis.Results There were 4 operative deaths(19％),2 patients with supracardiac,1 patient with intracardiac,1 patient with infracardiac.2 were died of low cardiac output syndrome,and 2 died of pneumonia.Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative pulmonary infection,anatomic classification,aortic clamping time,weight were risk factors of operation.Conclusion Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection operation in neonates can obtain satisfactory results.Preoperative pulmonary infection,anatomic classification,aortic clamping time,weight are risk factors for operation.

Objective To investigate the expression of Alzheimer′s disease(AD) patients with serum CRP,IL-6,and analyze its clinical significance.Methods The clinical data of 85 patients with AD (AD group)treated in our hospital from March 2015 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed,and the data of 85 healthy adults were selected as control group.The differences of serum CRP,IL-6 levels,the mini mental state rating scale(MMSE) and the daily living ability rating scale(BI) score of the two groups were observed,and the correlation between CRP,IL-6 and MMSE and BI scores in patients with AD was analyzed.Results The levels of CRP and IL-6 in the AD group were significantly higher than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);The scores of directional function,instantaneous memory,attention and computational power were significantly lower in the AD group than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);The daily living ability scores of patients in AD group were lower than those in the control group,such as eating,bathing and dressing,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);Serum CRP and IL-6 levels in patients with AD were negative correlation with MMSE and BI scores(P<0.05).Conclusion The levels of CRP and IL-6 in serum of patients with AD are high,and are closely related to the patients′ mental symptoms and daily living ability.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; therapeutic use ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; therapeutic use ; Glucocorticoids ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Urinary Calculi ; drug therapy

Objective: To evaluate the effect of subconjunctival injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin) on corneal neovascularization(CNV) in rabbits. Methods: Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (group A, 3 rabbits), neovascularization group (group B, 9 rabbits) and Bevacizumab treatment group (group C, 36 rabbits). Group C was further divided into group C1 (1 day small dose group), C2 (1 day high dose group), C3 (14 days small dose group) and C4 (14 days high dose group), with 9 rabbits each group. CNV model was made by suture in group B and C. Animals in group C were injected subconjunctivally with 0.1 ml or 0.2 ml Bevacizumab (25 mg/ml) in the left eyes. The growth of CNV was observed every day after operation and the neovascularization areas calculated. Expression of VEGF in the cornea was detected by immunohistochemistry on day 7, 14 and 28 after suture. VEGF content in the aqueous humor was determined by ELISA assay. Results: CNV growth in group C1 and C2 was inhibited significantly compared with that in group B on day 7, 14 and 28 (P<0.01). On day 28 the growth in group C3 and C4 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group B (P<0.01), that in group C1 was significantly inhibited than that in group C3, and that in group C2 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group C4 (P<0.01). VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in group B increased as time passed by, and they were positively associated with CNV area (P<0.01). On day 7, 14, and 28, the VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in C1 and C2 groups were significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.01). On day 28, those in group C3 and C4 were significantly lower than those in group B (P<0.01); those in group C1 were significantly lower than those in group C3 (P<0.01); and those in group C2 were significantly lower than those in group C4 (P<0.01). The CNV area and VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueou humor were similar between C1 and C2 groups and between C3 and C4 groups. Conclusion: Subconjunctival administration of Bevacizumab can effectively inhibit corneal neovascularization in experimental CNV model, and early administration has a better outcome than late administration. Bevacizumab may exert its effect by down-regulating VEGF in cornea and aqueous humor.