The paper discusses the basic contents, characteristics, and development trend of training programs abroad for high level hospital administrators as represented by MHA (Master of Hospital Administration) programs. Those programs establish curricula and training modes in light of the primary tasks and responsibilities of high level hospital administrators. They attach importance to the cultivation of concepts of macro health and ideas of modern management, provide training in methodologies of public health as represented by bio statistics and epidemiology, emphasize practical matters of operation and management such as hospital planning, quality control and financial accounting, and make wide use of case studies so as to enhance the abilities to solve practical problems. Hospital reform and development make it imperative to improve the training of high level hospital administrators, which must be properly oriented, and to develop domestic MHA programs with Chinese characteristics by utilizing existing resources of health administration education and integrate relevant courses.

The effects of low-level radiation on cAMP in peasma, adrenal and testis and cGMP in adrenal of rats were studied. Adult male rats were given whole-body irradiation with x-rays at a dose rate of 15 mGy/min. They were irradiated with 50 and 100 mGy daffy for 30 days within 5 weeks with cumulative doses of 1.5 and 3.0 Gy respectively. One, two and four weeks after termination of irradiation, the levels of cAMP in plasma, the adrenal gland and testis, the level of cGMP in the adrenal gland and the weights of the body, testes and pitutary were examined. The weights of testes decreased within 4 weeks after irradiation as compared with the control and the level of cAMP in the testis was significantly increased at weeks 1 and 2 in the 3.0 Gy group. At week 4, it returned to near normal. In another experiment, animals were irradiated with ~(60)Co ?-ray at a dose rate of 45.3?Gy/min, 16.3 mGy/6h/day and 6 days per week. At 6, 10, 14, 18 and 22 weeks, with cumalative doses of 0.59, 0.98, 1.37, 1.76 and 2.15 Gy respectively, the levels of cAMP in the pitutary and testis and testicular weight were quantified. No significant changes were found. These results suggest that dose rate is an important factor In the determination of the degree of damage of the testis following low-level irradiation.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common disease of ophthalmology,often causes irreversible decline of patients' vision,which has two features including macular oedema,diabetic retinal neovascularization.Diabetic retinal neovascularization is one of the most important reasons leading to blindness.Endostatin (ES) is one of the most effective agents inhibiting angiogenesis,whose biological function has a close relationship with its chemical construction.However,its mechanisms of treating diabetic retinal neovascularization are very complicated and remain unclear.Therefore,in this review we summarized several possible mechanisms,including regulating the expression of extracellular matrix,inhibiting the expression of pro-angiogenic factors,and regulating the signaling pathways,by which ES may inhibiting diabetic retinal neovascularization.

Objective To investigate the technique and feasibility of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Methods Sixteen patients with esophageal carcinoma underwent esophagectomy by VATS between October 2002 and October 2003. The tumors were found in mid-segment in 13 patients and lower segment in 3 patients. Their TNM staging was: stage T 1 2 patients, stage T 2 5 patients and stage T 3 9 patients; stage Ⅰ 2 patients, stage Ⅱ 8 patients and stage Ⅲ 6 patients. Results No conversion to open surgery was required. The operation time of VATS was 90～150 min (mean, 110 min). The number of removed mediastinal lymph nodes was 6～14 (mean, 7.3). Drainage tube was taken out 2～3 days after operation and the drainage volume was 300～600 ml. No complications were seen. Conclusions VATS for esophageal carcinoma is feasible. Indications for VATS should be stage Ⅰ～Ⅱ and in addition no outward infiltration (≤stage T 3).

High-resolution melting technique shows great potential as a clinical diagnostic tool because of its cost-effectiveness , convenience and closed-tube format which can prevent the risk of cross contamination.HRM analysis has been widely used in molecular diagnostics in the management of cancer by mutation detection , pre-sequence screening , methylation and copy number variations , which involves cancer screening, diagnosis, individual treatment and prognosis .Take advantage of the high detection sensitivity of HRM, the accuracy of mutation screening method could be improved and the test cost could be reduced by combing HRM analysis with sequencing , which helps to develop the molecular diagnostic technique .

Using the self-arrangede questionnaire,it is aimed to investigate the aititude of a normal university's 100 non-psychologystudents' attitudes to some of the porpular standard of mental health in undergraduates.Conclusions:(1)most of the non-psychology students are agree with the 30 items standards of the questionnaire.(2)While using "interpersonal relation","mental state","the attitude toward life","moral code","possessiveness"as the standaes of mental health of undergraduate,there is significant difference between non-psychology boys and girls.(3)While using "be good at copping with affairs","accepting dificiency","appropriate expression of emotion",as the standaes of mental health of undergraduate,there is significant difference between non-psychology sophomore and junior.

The early diagnosis of serious infection is very important since the fatality rate is quite high.Traditional diagnostic methods of infection includes procalcitonin,leukocyte count,CRP and so on,of which the sensitivity and specificity is not able to achieve the early diagnosis.Recently,neutrophil CD64 has been widely concerned for the high sensitivity and specificity in early diagnosis of bacterial infection.Flow cytometry is applied to detect neutrophil CD64 in early diagnosis of infectious diseases including respiratory infection,septicemia,neonatal intensive infection,burn and postoperative infection.What's more,the sensitivity and specificity can be further improved if neutrophil CD64 was combined with other inflammatory markers.Thus,neutrophil CD64 detected by flowy cytometry plays an important role in the diagnosis,monitoring,prognosis,therapeutic effect evaluation of infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the cytotoxicity of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods Effect of TA with different concentraion (0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mg/ml) on the proliferation of RPE cells was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolial (MTT) assay; The changes of cellular cycle treated by TA with the drug concentration of IC(50) for 72 hours were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) ananlysis, and the morphological and ultrastructural changes of the cells were observed by phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results With the concentration of 0.4-0.025 mg/ml, TA inhibited the growth of RPE cells obviously in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control (P

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Blood Vessels ; pathology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; blood supply ; pathology ; surgery ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; methods ; Vena Cava Filters