Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a method for the determination of midazolam in child plasma.METHODS:Plasma level of midazolam in twenty two ICU children with mechanical ventilation was detected by solid-phase extraction-HPLC after treatment with midazolam for 24h.The separation was performed on Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column with acetonitrile — 7.56mmol? L-1 ammonium sulfate(gradient elution) as mobile phase.The flow rate was 1.0mL? min-1,the column temperature was 25℃ and the wavelength of UV detector was 254nm.RESULTS:The calibration curves for midazolam had a good linearity over the range of 0.05～ 25.00mg? L-1(r=0.999 8).The average recovery for midazolam was 99.29%.Both the intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD were less than 4%.The limits of quantitation for midazolam was 0.01mg? L-1.CONCLUS-ION:The method is sensitive,accurate,simple and rapid,and applicable for clinical blood drug level monitoring of midazolam.

Clinical tutors' personality manifesting during the process of clinical practice and daily communication with medical interns has a series of influences on medical ethics formation of medical interns,including influences of direction,demonstration,contraction,and halo effect.Thus,clinical tutors should pay attention to cultivating a decent moral personality,and hospitals should value the proper combination of moral evaluation and supervision for medical staff in order to achieve the unity of heteronomous morality and self discipline,and effectively promote the formation of decent morality and personality of clinical tutors.

The development of social medicalization is mainly based on technical and capital logic.De-humanization of technology and the profits-pursing nature of capital cause unbalanced development of modern medicine in the aspects of materials and human as value subject.As a component of medical humanities education,life education should be based on human's emotion of life,strengthened in the cultivation of sympathy,respect as well as concern and control of subject's expansion by emotional strength,which is also an important element in the cultivation of medical humanities spirit.

Objective To investigate the factors related to negative conversion of HBsAg in patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB).Meth-ods A total of 106 AHB patients who were admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases,Zhoukou Central Hospital from February 2007 to February 2013 were recruited.Liver function,five serological markers of HBV infection (HBsAg,HBeAg,anti-HBs,anti-HBe,and anti-HBc),and HBV-DNA were measured every three months.All patients were followed up for 12 months.The major HBV genotypes (A through D)were determined by type-specific primer nested PCR.Categorical data were expressed as rates and compared with χ2 test;continuous data were expressed as mean ±SD and analyzed by t-test.Results When just admitted to our hospital,compared with the pa-tients with negative conversion of HBsAg,AHB patients with HBsAg persisting for more than 6 or 12 months had a significantly lower peak level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(718 ±696 vs 1282 ±913 U/L,622 ±514 vs 1203 ±924 U/L,P<0.05)and a significantly high-er level of HBV-DNA (6.8 ±1.4 vs 5.2 ±1.5 log10 copies/ml,7.3 ±1.6 vs 5.4 ±1.5 log10 copies/ml,P<0.05).The HBsAg clear-ance rate in patients with HBV genotype A was significantly lower than that in patients with HBV genotype B or D (75.0% vs 89.5% or 100%,83.3% vs 97.4% or 100%,P<0.05).Conclusion The HBsAg clearance rate in AHB patients may be associated with HBV genotypes,peak level of ALT,and HBV-DNA.

Objective To determine the cut-off points of Psychological Distress Scale of Cancer Patients by using the ROC curve, in order to provide reference for clinical application of it. Methods A questionnaire containing both the Psychological Distress Scale of Cancer Patients and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) were filled by 364 cancer patients in Beijing Cancer Hospital. Later the cut-off points of the four latitudes of the Scale were evaluated by ROC curve through comparing the two scales. Results By using the latitudes of the SCL-90 scale as a reference, the areas of all the four latitudes of the Scale were:anxiety (0.815, P<0.01); depression (0.790, P<0.01); interpersonal disability (0.829, P<0.01);suspiciousness (0.670, P<0.01) respectively. The following cut-off points could result in the most ideal sensitivity and specificity: 11 for anxiety; 14 for depression; 7 for interpersonal disability and 4 for suspiciousness. Conclusions The Psychological Distress Scale of Cancer Patients can provide great values to the diagnosis of psychological problems related with anxiety, depression, and interpersonal disability, while low valuable reference for diagnosis of suspiciousness. It can provide good diagnosis value which contributes to evaluation of psychological problems of cancer patients.

Objective] To study the effect of 50 hz frequency of electricity stimulating finger extensor tendon for hand dysfunction caused by incident storke. [Methods] 67 cases diagnosed as hand dysfunction of incident storke patients randomly divided into treatment group and control group(33 cases in treatment group, 34 cases in control group). The control group was given Bobath method for hand function recovery training. The treatment group was given 50 hz frequency of electricity stimulating finger extensor tendon on the basis of Bobath rehabilitation treatment, 5 times every week, for 4 weeks. Evaluate patients' symptoms improvement, before and after, with Fugl-Meyer grade(hand part) and modified Barthel index evaluation, and then make statistical analysis of the results. [Result] After the treatment,the grades, Fugl-Meyer grade(hand part) and modified Barthel index, of two groups both increased significantly, with statistical significance(P<0.01); Both of the grades of treatment group were significantly higher than that of control group, with statistical significance(P<0.01). [Conclusion] 50 hz electrical stimulating finger extensor tendon can significantly improve hand dysfunction caused by incident storke, improve their abilities of daily life.