Hedging is an important component of vague language. This paper retrieves high frequency expressions of hedgingby using medical English corpus. Pragmatic functions of hedging are analyzed, which can be summarized as politeness principle, authors' self-protection, avoidance of the absolute, pursuit of objectiveness as well as conversational implication. To medical researchers, it is necessary to cultivate the awareness of hedging and learn how to adopt it in their research papers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors,prevention measures and treatment methods of the pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection. Methods50 pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the observation group. In the same time,50 pulmonary fibrosis patients without nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection were chosen as the control group. The following factors were compared: hospital stay, corticosteroid use, antibiotic use, invasive procedures, a merger of the underlying disease.ResultsThere were 46％ (23/50) patients had long-term use of antibiotics in the observation group, much more than the control group(26％ ,13/50) ,the difference was statistically significant( P ＜0.05) ;More than half of patients in both groups using glucocorticoids, the ratio in the observation group was 84％ (42/50), which was significantly higher than the control group( P ＜ 0.05) ; In the observation group, the rates of patients with long time hospitalization ( ≥30 days), received invasive procedures, and associated with underlying diseases were much higher than the control group( all P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionMultiple risk factors could lead to the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis patients with nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection,and the positive and effective preventions and standard treatment should be taken.

Objective:To explore the clinical application of permanent needle of deep venipuncture in early management of extensive burn.Methods:88 patients with extensively burn are analyzed.Results:The success rate of venipuncture was 96%.The effect was satisfactory,while the complication was less.Conclusion:The permanent needle of deep venipuncture shows an important role in early management of extensive burn.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, and its incidence rate is increasing nowadays. Chemotherapy is the main means for treatment of PCNSL and the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) has been confirmed among those chemotherapeutics. Treatments of HD-MTX combined with other drugs have been studied extensively. Progress of HD-MTX and other drugs for PCNSL are reviewed in this article.

Ear Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective To estimate the curative effect and cost-effectiveness of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin for treatment of urinary traet infection. Methods Eighty patients with urinary tract infection were randomly divided into treatment group (40 cases) and control group (40 cases). The patients in treatment group were given 400 mg moxifloxacin once a day for 7 d, while in control group were given 400 mg gatifloxacin once a day for 7d. Results The total clinical effective rate of treatment group and control group were 95.0%(38/40) and 92.5%(37/40) respectively, and the bacterial eliminating rate were 77.50% (31/40) and 76.92% (30/39), and the rate of adverse reaction were 5.0% ( 2/40 ) and 7.5% (3/40) respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratio of moxifloxacin was 2296 and 779 for gatifloxacin (P<0.01). Conclusion The therapeutic scheme of gatifloxacin seems to be the best one for treating urinary tract infection.

Objective　To evaluate the possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization resulting from retinal ischemia．　Methods　Retinal vein occlusion of rabbits model was established with argon laser photocoagulation to retinal vein．The VEGF mRNA expression was observed in ischemic retina and retinal neovascular tissue with in situ hybridization technique．　Results　VEGF mRNA expression was detected in inner ischemic retina and retinal neovascular tissue that were corespondent to the distribution of retinal ischemia． The strongest VEGF mRNA expression was detected in retinal neovascular tissue．　Conclusion　VEGF might play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative retinopathy．

Objective To investigate the effect of intensive nursing intervention on the secondary infection in chemotherapy of elderly patients with lung cancer.Methods 168 cases of elderly lung cancer patients whose neutrophil ≤ 1.0×109/L during chemotherapy were randomly divided into two groups,namely,the intensive care group and the control group,with 84 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing of infection prevention,while the intensive care group was given intensified nursing for infection prevention.A contrastive analysis was conducted in terms of the incidence,clinical characteristics and the duration of antibiotic treatment of the two groups of patients with secondary infection.Results The secondary infection rate of the intensive care group was lower than that of the control group during chemotherapy.What's more,the duration of fever and treatment of the intensive care group was shorter than that of the control group,hence the patients were safe during infection period.The difference was statistically significant.Conclusions Strengthening the nursing intervention can reduce the incidence rate of secondary infection in aged patients with lung cancer,increase the tolerance of patients to chemotherapy and ensure the successful completion of the chemotherapy cycle,prolong the life span of the patients with an improved quality of life.

The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is dismal, especially at the advanced stage of the disease. Surgery is considered as the only curative treatment modality for pancreatic cancer;however, less than 20% of patients are candidates for curative surgical resection. Multidisciplinary management, including radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy, followed by systemic chemotherapy, is the treatment of choice for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. An early phase Ⅲ clinical trial conducted by GITSG (GI Tumor Study Group) has demonstrated a survival benefit for concurrent chemoradiation as compared to radiation alone in locally advanced disease. 5-FU,capacitabine and gemcitabine are the most investigated chemotherapy agents used with radiation. Currently thecombined use of gemcitabine and radiation therapy is under active investigation, and may provide substantial clinical advantage over other regimens. Multi-agent chemotherapy regimen used in concurrence with radiation has not demonstrated any significant effect but with severe toxicities. Conformal radiotherapy should be routinely used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer with doses of 45-50.4 Gy. The target of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is focussed on the gross tumor with safe margins. The use of IMRT is highly recommended for unresectable tumor, and makes further dose escalation possible.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin and famciclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster. Methods 98 patients with herpes zoster were randomly divided into 2 groups. The treatment group were administrated with compound glycyrrhizin for a week. The control group were administrated with famciclovir for a week. The time of blister stop, crust formation, pain disappearance and cure was observed after 10 days. The rate of postherpetic neuralgia was observed too. Results The difference was significant between treatment group and control group in the time of blister stop [(2.38±0.76)d,(2.97±0.89)d], crust formation [(5.15±1.42)d, (6.91±1.97)d], pain disappearance [(4.06±1.34)d, (6.05±1.83)d] and cure [(7.32±2.21)d, (9.86±2.77)d] (all P<0.05). The difference of the rate of postherpetic neuralgia was insignificant between two groups (2%,4.2%) (P0.05). Conclusion Combined therapy of compound glycyrrhizin and famciclovir was safe and effective for the treatment of herpes zoster.