Objective: To study the modification effect of age on the association between body mass index and the risk of hypertension. Methods: People age ≥18 years old were selected by clusters, from a rural area of Henan province. In total, 20 194 people were recruited at baseline during 2007 and 2008, and the follow-up study was completed from 2013 to 2014. Logistic regression model was used to assess the risk of incident hypertension by baseline BMI and age-specific BMI. Results: During the 6-year follow-up period, 1 950 hypertensive persons were detected, including 784 men and 1 166 women, with cumulative incidence rates as 19.96%, 20.51%, and 19.61%, respectively. Compared with those whose BMI<22 kg/m(2), the RRs of hypertension were 1.09 (0.93-1.27), 1.17 (1.01-1.37), 1.34 (1.14-1.58) and 1.31 (1.09-1.56) for participants with BMI as 22-, 24-, 26- and ≥28 kg/m(2), respectively. In young and middle-aged populations, the risk of hypertension gradually increased with the rise of BMI (trend P<0.05). However, in the elderly, the increasing trend on the risk of hypertension risk was not as significantly obvious (trend P>0.05). Conclusion: The effect of BMI on the incidence of hypertension seemed to depend on age. Our findings suggested that a weight reduction program would be more effective on young or middle-aged populations, to prevent the development of hypertension.
Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Body Mass Index ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension/ethnology* ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population

Objective: To analyze the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016. Methods: The data were collected from the project of Global Burden of Disease in 2016 (GBD2016). The Data Integration Model for Air Quality were used to estimate exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)). The attributable death number was calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF), and the results were compared by gender, diseases and provinces. An average world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates. Results: In 2016, a total of 1 075 000 deaths attributed to ambient air pollution occurred in China, accounting for 11.1% of the total deaths, and 57.6% of the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were due to ischemic heart disease and stroke. The death number among men was 1.7 times higher than that in women, Compared with 2006, the proportion of ambient air pollution related deaths in total deaths decreased by 6.8%; the age- standardized death rate attributed to ambient air pollution decreased by 26.5% and the decrease rate of lower respiratory infections (37.6%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (42.1%) were greater than ischemic heart disease (5.3%). The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution decreased both in men and in women, but the decrease rate was higher in women (34.8%) than that in men (20.4%). The PAFs varied among provinces, it was highest in Tianjin (13.9%), lowest in Tibet (6.1%), and it was relatively higher in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and the three provinces in the northeast and relatively lower in Hong Kong, Macao, Fujian and Hainan etc.. The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution was highest in Xinjiang (120.1/100 000) and lowest in Hong Kong (30.9/100 000), and it was relatively higher in Qinghai, Guizhou, Henan and relatively lower in Macao, Shanghai and Fujian, etc.. Compared with 2006, the PAFs of 17 provinces decreased, the decrease rate ranged from 4.1% to 16.8%, whereas the PAF of Jilin (5.0%) and Heilongjiang (8.1%) increased, and the PAFs of other 14 provinces showed no significant change. The attributable age-standardized death rate decreased in all provinces with the decrease rate ranging from 11.9% (Heilongjiang) to 43.2% (Fujian), and the decrease rate was relatively higher in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Guizhou, and lower in the three provinces in the northeast, Hubei and Hebei etc. Conclusions: In 2016, the disease burden attributable to PM(2.5) in China was heavy, but mitigated compared with 2006. The gender and area specific distributions of deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were observed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Air Pollution/adverse effects* ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Cause of Death ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality* ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult