INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to evaluate the proportion of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have myopia, as well as the risk factors associated with myopia in this group.

METHODSIn this cross-sectional study, patients aged < 21 years with T1DM for ≥ 1 year underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Presence of parental myopia, and average hours of near-work and outdoor activity were estimated using a questionnaire. Annualised glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), defined as the mean of the last three HbA1c readings taken over the last year, was calculated. Multivariate analysis using genetic, environmental and diabetes-related factors was done to evaluate risk factors associated with myopia.

RESULTSOf the 146 patients (mean age 12.5 ± 3.6 years) recruited, 66.4% were Chinese and 57.5% were female. Myopia (i.e. spherical equivalent [SE] of -0.50 D or worse) was present in 96 (65.8%) patients. The proportion of patients with myopia increased from 25.0% and 53.6% in those aged < 7.0 years and 7.0-9.9 years, respectively, to 59.2% and 78.4% in those aged 10.0-11.9 years and ≥ 12.0 years, respectively. Higher levels of SE were associated with lower parental myopia (p = 0.024) and higher annualised HbA1c (p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONCompared to the background population, the proportion of myopia in young patients with T1DM was higher in those aged < 10 years but similar in the older age group. Myopia was associated with a history of parental myopia. Environmental risk factors and poor glycaemic control were not related to higher myopia risk.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; complications ; ethnology ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Myopia ; complications ; ethnology ; therapy ; Ophthalmology ; methods ; Refractive Errors ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult