Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogens isolated from lower respiratory tract sputum samples of trach‐eotomy patients who suffered from severe craniocerebral injury and nurses′hands surface samples ,and analyze the correlation be‐tween them .Methods Lower respiratory tract sputum samples of 97 tracheotomy patients suffered from severe craniocerebral inju‐ry and hands surface samples from nurses who just washed their hands after the sample collection were collected .Then the samples were sent to the microbiological lab for pathogen isolation and identification ,the results were statistically analyzed by using WHO‐NET5.4software.Results 388sampleswerecollectedaltogether,including194sputumsamplesand194nurses′handssurface samples .633 pathogens were isolated altogether ,including 452 strains of G- bacteria (71 .41% ) ,134 strains of G+ bacteria (21 .17% ) and 47 strains of fungi(7 .42% ) .The top five species of G- bacteria which took the largest proportion and caused the lower respiratory tract infection were Peudomonas aeruginosa(12 .16% ) ,Acinetobacter baumannii(9 .63% ) ,Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria(7 .10% ) ,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(5 .21% ) ,Escherichia coli(4 .89% );the primary species of G+ bacteria were coag‐ulase negative staphylococcus(6 .79% ) ,Staphylococcus aureus(2 .36% );the primary fungus was Monilia albicans(4 .24% ) .The top five G- bacteria species which took the largest proportion and isolated from hands surface samples were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 .79% ) ,Acinetobacter baumannii(5 .84% ) ,Escherichia coli(4 .91% ) ,Klebsiella pneumoniae(3 .94% ) ,Stenotrophomonas malto‐philia(3 .79% );the primary species of G+ bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococcus (9 .63% ) ,Staphylococcus aureus (2 .36% ) .The primary fungus was Monilia albicans(3 .00% ) .Conclusion Tracheotomy patients who suffered from severe cranio‐cerebral injury with lower respiratory infection are very possible to have cross‐infection ,sanitary management of nurses′hands asep‐tic manipulation procedures should be strengthened .

OBJECTIVE:To study the situation of anemia in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer and breast cancer patients treated with 7 kinds of chemotherapy regimes. METHODS:110 cases of newly diagnosed ovarian cancer and breast cancer from May 2008 to Feb. 2009 in People’s Hospital of Peking University were analyzed retrospectively. The level of hemoglobin in patients treated with different chemotherapy regimes were evaluated and analyzed with SPSS software. RESULTS:Of total 110 patients, class Ⅰ anemia occurred 194 times and class Ⅱ anemia occurred 55 times. High incidence of anemia appeared in chemotherapy regimes with platinum as base. Low incidence of anemia occurred in TA chemotherapy regime. The older patient is,the more easily anemia occurred. CONCLUSION:The incidence of anemia after chemotherapy is related to type of cancer,chemotherapy regime, chemotherapy cycle and patient’s age.

OBJECTIVE:To predict the shelf life of compound sodium citrate injection by initial average rate stability test. METHODS: The initial average rate stability test was performed at 7 different temperatures to investigate the relationship between the initial average rate (V0) of the glucose degradation reaction and Kelvin's temperature (1/T), and the activation energy of reaction, the drug reaction velocity constant and shelf life were computed as well. RESULTS: The regression equation was lgV0=18.15—6 774.6?1/T(r=—0.937 5), the reaction activation energy was 31.0Kcal?mol-1, the drug reaction velocity constant at 20℃ was 1.1?10-5h-1, and the shelf life was 1.09 years. CONCLUSION: The method is simple and it can accurately predicate the shelf life of compound sodium citrate injection.

This paper introduces the perioperative nursing of 83 sialolithiasis patients undergoing sialolithectomy by sialoendoscope. The key points of successful nursing care were careful preoperative psychological nursing and equipment preparation, correct and skilled intraoperative cooperation, and early postoperative health instruction. As a result, all the patients underwent the surgery succesfully and recovered well except 3 cases who needed gland removal later.

Objective To detect the mutations in RECQL4 gene in a Chinese patient with Rothmund- Thomson syndrome (RTS). Methods Blood samples were collected from a sporadic patient with RTS, his unaffected parents and 30 unrelated population-matched controls. DNA was extracted, and all the coding sequences of RECQL4 gene were amplified by PCR. Direct sequencing was performed with the amplicons to detect the possible mutations in these subjects. Results Two mutations, i.e., IVS11-1G > A and 3401 A >T, which resulted in a premature termination codon at amino acid 560, were found in the RECQL4 gene of the patient. His father was heterozygous for IVS11-1G > A, and his mother for 3401 A>T. Meanwhile, neither of the two mutations were observed in 30 unrelated normal control individuals. Conclusion Two mutations, including IVS11-1G>A and 3401 A>T are present in the RECQL4 gene of the sporadic patient with RTS.

Objective To study the correlation between serum human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA and peripheral T cell subsets as well as islet function in type 1 diabetic patients.Methods HCMV DNA levels in sera from 20 type 1 diabetic patients and 40 controls were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR),then the comparison and correlation analysis were made between HCMV DNA and T cell subsets,blood glucose (BG),insulin (Ins) and C peptide (C P).Results The positive rate and levels of HCMV DNA in type 1 diabetic patients were significantly higher than those of controls respectively.The percentage of CD 8 and the levels of fasting BG and BG 2 hours after meal in type 1 diabetic patients with positive HCMV DNA were by far higher than those in controls,while the percentage of CD 4,the ratio of CD 4/CD 8,the levels of fasting Ins,Ins and C P 2 hours after meal were significantly lower than those of controls.There existed the linear positive correlation between HCMV DNA and CD 8 or fasting BG,negative correlation between HCMV DNA and CD 4/CD 8,fasting Ins or fasting C P.Differences were not so significant between type 1 diabetic patients with negative HCMV DNA and controls compared with those between patients with positive HCMV DNA and controls.Conclusion HCMV infection is associated with dysfunction of islet and T cell mediated immunity in type 1 diabetic patients.

Objective To reinvestigate the high performance thin-layer chromatography(HPTLC)method for solving the problem of difficulty in separating between ginsenoside-Re and notoginsenoside-R1,and to establish a specific,fast and economic routine identification and quality assessment method for Notoginseng(San Qi).Methods Chromatographic conditions were as follows:stationary phase-precoated HPTLC silica gel 60 plate(20? 10 cm,Merck);developing solvent system:CH2Cl2-absolute ethanol-water(70 ∶ 45 ∶ 6.5);relative humidity:lower than 18 % ;temperature:10～ 25 ℃ ;derivative reagent:10 % H2SO4 ethanolic solution,heating at 105 ℃ for 3 min and observing the fluorescent chromatogram in a UV cabinet at 366 nm.Results The HPTLC fingerprint consisted of 10 fluorescent bands(peaks in the profile)including ginsenoside-Rb1,Rd,Re,Rg1 and notoginsenoside-R1,which presented the relative consistent ratio of the main peaks generated from the image of the chemical components distribution pattern through scanning by TLC scanner or computer-aided similarity evaluation(CASE)software.Conclusion Notoginsenoside-R1,the specific component of San Qi,is spotlighted in the HPTLC image and separated from ginenoside-Re,which indicates HPTLC method being simple,fast,and effective.The HPTLC fingerprints of 24 batches of samples from different locations(Wenshan of Yunnan,Xinyi of Guangdong)and markets,with different grades show the high chemical stabilities of this Dammarane-type saponins distribution.

Objective To investigate costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 expression in acute myelogenous leukemic cells and clinical implication.MethodsThe expression of CD80 and CD86 in the patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and HL-60 cells,U937 cells,NB4 cells,K567 cells was confirmed by Flow Cytometer.ResultsCD80 was very low or no expression in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.CD86 expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia (27.86±19.65)%,which was much higher than that in control group[(1.21±0.13)%,t＝3.55,P＜0.01].No significant changes were observed in the expression of CD86 in M4 cells(48.65±21.92)%,M5 cells(39.25±18.67)% and control group(50.20±20.31)%(P＞0.05).After the cells were cultured for 24 h and 48 h,the expression of CD86 was (30.62±5.35)% and (29.43±4.67)% in HL-60 cells ,(24.12±5.23)% and (26.56±6.54)% in U937 cells,and,(21.25±3.78)% and (23.21±6.98)% in NB4 cells (all P＞0.05).The expression of CD80 and CD86 was very low in K562 cells.ConclusionsCostimulatory molecules CD86 expressed in acute myelogenous leukemic cells in the patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and HL-60 cells,U937 cells,NB4 cells.

AIM:To investigate the changes of autophagy of macrophages after phagocytizing dust particles and explore the mechanisms of dust particle-induced autophagy of the cells.METHODS:The bronchopulmonary lymph nodes were collected from patients with lung operation.The paraffin sections were prepared and then stained with Wilder's method.The tissue structures were viewed.Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from rats and then treated with carbon particles.Influences of carbon particles in autophagic activities of macrophages were examined.The ultrathin sections of the lymph nodes and the cells phagocytized carbon particles were prepared.The structures and distribution of phagosomes,autophagosomes and lysosomes were viewed.The apoptotic cells in the dust cells of the lymph nodes and the cells having phagocytized carbon particles were examined using transmission electron microscope and TUNEL staining.RESULTS:In adult lymph nodes,dust particles were deposited significantly in macrophages,collagen fibres and density of microvessels increased.There were autophagosome precursors,autophagosomes,autophagolysosomes as well as phagosomes in the dust cells and the cells phagocytized carbon particles.In autophagosomes,mitochondrion,dust particle or carbon particle were usually observed.There were positive cells by TUNEL staining in the dust cells and the cells phagocytized carbon particles.Nuclear condensation or apoptotic body in the apoptotic cells were observed under transmission electron microscope.CONCLUSION:Deposition of dust particles induces enhancement of autophagic activities and apoptosis of macrophages.Autophagy plays an important role in cleaning dust particles and the injured mitochondria.

Objective To clarify the relationship between tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and leptin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Methods The real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and enzymelinked immunosorbent adsorption experiment(ELISA) were used to detect the expression and correlation of TNFα and leptin in blood cells and serum from the normal group, non-alcoholic simple fatty liver(NAFL) group, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) group and cirrhosis group.Results At the level of mRNA, the transcription of TNF-α in cirrhosis group was 14.03 times, 12.07 times and 11.05 times of the normal group, NAFL group and NASH group,and the difference was significant(P＜0.05).Leptin transcription of cirrhosis group was 1.95 times,0.79 times and 1.45 times of normal group, NAFL group and of NASH group(P＞0.05).And in the cirrhosis group, the expression of TNF-α was 7.52 times higher than Leptin (P＜ 0.01).In expression level of protein,TNF-α and leptin in cirrhosis group was 1.98 times and 2.39 times higher than the normal group, 1.24 times and 1.30 times higher than the NAFL group, 1.27 times and 1.37 times higher than NASH, and the difference was significant(P＜0.05).Moreover the expression of TNF-α was significantly higher than that of Leptinin groups above(P＜0.01).Conclusion TNF-α and Leptin are less expression in lymphocytes, but more expression in serum.And TNF-α and Leptin affect the evolution of NAFLD, and present a positive correlation, which lead to the occurrence of NAFLD.Comparing the two methods, detection of serum is more sensitive and more suitable for clinical study than lymphocyte.