Objective To develop a real-time quantitative PCR(RQ-PCR) assay based on TaqMan technology for rapid detection and quantification of tick-born encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA. Methods According to all the TBEV genome sequences in GenBank, RQ-PCR primers and probes were designed in the conservative regions of TBEV C gene and NS5 gene. In addition, primers for conventional PCR were designed using E gene as target. The detective system was established and validated by using TBEV MDJ01 strain. In order to examine the specificity of the system, other viruses of flavivirus were assayed with the RQ-PCR simultaneously. The TBEV standard curve was drawn respectively by measuring TCID_ 50 titre and copy number. The sensitivity of RQ-PCR and the conventional PCR assays were compared, and TBEV infected mice model was reproduced for evaluation. Results The sensitivity of RQ-PCR assay was 100copies/reaction or 1 TCID_ 50 , which was 10 fold higher than conventional PCR. The results were all negative when used to detect other flavivirus including the yellow fever virus, dengue virus type 1, 2, 3 and 4, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus. The coefficient of variability was less than 5% from inter- and intra-assay showing that both the repeatability and stability of the system were good. Conclusion A sensitive, specific and convenient RQ-PCR method has been established, which is valuable for early detection of TBEV.

Objective To explore the competency of community health administrators in a survey of such administrators at large in Shanghai. Methods McClelland's Competency Dictionary was used to set two benchmark positions, while the behavioral event interviewing and questionnaires were made to survey 19 community health service centers in Shanghai. Results The competency model benchmarking on the head of a medical branch consists of 6 character clusters, 11 characteristic items, 27 evaluation dimensions and 27 typical behavior descriptions. The model benchmarking on the community team leader consists of 5 character clusters, 8 characteristic items, 21 evaluation dimensions and 21 typical behavior descriptions. Conclusion Findings of the survey provide objective criteria for competence appraisal of community health administrators, and serve as reference for formulating their development plans as well.

Russia's post-degree medical education first appeared in the end of the 19th century and had improved along with the progress in science, technology and education. From 1990s, new waves of technology revolution and the rise of post-occupation training further pushed the post-degree medical education to move forward. Legally established post-degree education as a form of occupational education enables Russian medical professionals to constantly update knowledge and absorb new information to keep up with the new developments in medical science and technology. In this sense, post-degree medical education has become a major way to train not only medical professionals but professionals of acupuncture and moxibustion, and thus has been of great significance for TCM and acupuncture to transmit and develop in Soviet Union and Russia. This paper introduced the general situation of post-degree medical education in Russia, its influence to the transmission and development of TCM and acupuncture in Soviet Union and Russia, as well as the enlightenment to medical education.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of modified Xiaoyao Powder combined with abdominal needling for conducting fire back to its source for the treatment of swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, and to explore a more effective therapy for swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Methods Forty-two Parkinson's disease patients suffering from swallowing dysfunction were divided into treatment group and control group, 21 cases in each group. The patients in both groups received routine swallowing function training. In addition to the training, the treatment group was treated with modified Xiaoyao Powder combined with abdominal needling for conducting fire back to its source, and the control group was given conventional western medicine of Domperidone and Levodopa Benserazide Hydrochloride. After treatment for 3 weeks, we compared the dysphagia scores and effective rate of the two groups. Results (1) All of the patients in the treatment group completed the trial, but 2 cases of the control group dropped out. Therefore, a total of 40 cases completed the trial. (2) The dysphagia scores of the two groups were much improved after treatment (P<0.01 compared with those before treatment) , and the improvement of the treatment group was superior to that of the control group (P < 0.05). (3) After treatment for 3 weeks, the total effective rate of the treatment group was 95.24% and that of the control group was 52 . 63%, and the difference was statistically significant between the two groups(P<0.01).(4) Gastrointestinal reaction occurred in 3 cases(one from the treatment group and 2 from the control group) , but there were no other side effects found in both groups. Conclusion Modified Xiaoyao Powder combined with abdominal needling for conducting fire back to its source is more effective for the treatment of swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease than routine western medicine treatment.

Objective To verify whether early growth response-3(EGR3) gene is targeted by microRNA-181b using molecular biology methods so as to provide guidance for the subsequent study on microRNA-181b`s role in the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia.Methods Bioinformatic methods predicted that EGR3 gene is targeted by microRNA-181b.PCR methods amplified the fragment in EGR3 gene 3`UTR including the putative microRNA-181b binding site.Then the sequence was cloned into the pmirGLO luciferase vector.The DNA sequences of the amplified fragments were identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing, and were consistent with the reference sequence from UCSC.This constructed vector was marked as pmirGLO-EGR3 vector.Finally, the pmirGLO vector, the pmirGLO-EGR3 vector, microRNA-181b mimics and negative control (NC) were divided into 5 groups and transfected into HEK393T cells;the luciferase activity was tested by dual luciferase reporter gene assay.Results The results of restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing demonstrated that the PCR fragmentwas successfully cloned into pmirGLO vector.The transfection results showed that the recombinant plasmid was successful transfected into HEK293T under the fluorescence microscope, with transfection efficiency being about 90％.The results of dual luciferase activity assay demonstrated that microRNA-181b significantly decreased the reporter gene`s activity compared with the NC.Conclusion At the cellular level, the schizophrenia susceptibility gene EGR3 was verified to be targeted by micorRNA-181b, which provides a new clue for the subsequent study on microRNA-181b`s role in the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVETo study the drug releasing properties of Cyclovirobuxine D matrix-type patch.

METHODTo prepare Cyclovirobuxine D single-layered and double-layered patch was prepared and the study the drug releasing properties by in vitro releasing and in vitro skin permeation experiments was studied.

RESULTThe coefficient of first-order dynamical equation was good for single-layered patch, which means the releasing rate decreased with the amounts of drug decreasing. Nevertheless, Higuchi equation was good for double-layered patch, which means it belonged framing-type releasing system. In-vitro skin permeation experiment showed that zero-order dynamical equation was good for these two patches which indicated all of them abided by Ficks diffusion law.

CONCLUSIONThe structure of patch can change the drug releasing properties, the double-layered patch can obtain steady releasing and permeating rate because of storage layer releasing.

Objective: To review the application of polymeric micelles as the vehicles in transdermal delivery systems.Methods: Based on the recently published papers, the researches of preparation, penetration mechanism, drug release and application of polymeric micelles in transdermal delivery systems were classified and summarized.Results: Polymeric micelles were extensively applied as drug vehicles due to the ability of solubilization and transdermal absorption enhancement.Conclusion: Polymeric micelles can be used as promising vehicles in transdermal delivery systems, which show a good application prospect.

With the development of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion and the deepening of research in the western world, the concept of acupuncture and moxibustion popular in the West is formed. Acupuncture and moxibustion popular in the West can be divided into TCM acupuncture and moxibustion, which is continuously inherited and innovated in Western countries, Western medical acupuncture combined with Western civilization knowledge system (such as dry acupuncture therapy and electroacupuncture therapy), and classical acupuncture and moxibustion based on ancient Chinese tradition reinterpreted in Western countries (such as French space-time acupuncture and moxibustion, British five-element acupuncture and moxibustion). By investigating the development of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion in the localization of the West, this article introduced the development history and knowledge system of several Western acupuncture and moxibustion, and put forward that Western acupuncture and moxibustion can be spread and promoted worldwide through hospital clinics, academic works, social organizations, education and training. Strengthening the attention to Western acupuncture and moxibustion can provide a world vision for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in China and promote the academic prosperity and technological progress of the world acupuncture and moxibustion system.

Objective To explore whether remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC)can prolong the time of ultra-intense exercise(110%VO2max)by increasing the maximum cumulative oxygen deficit(MA-OD),and the specific ways of energy supply of the anaerobic metabolic system.Methods Twenty-four racquet athletes(22.2±2.0 years;174±9 cm;67.1±12.4 kg)completed three supramaximal intensi-ty tests on a treadmill at 110%VO2max intensity to exhaustion separated with Control,Placebo and RIPC interventions.RIPC was induced on the limbs on both sides(5×5 min alternating bilateral occlu-sion 220 and 60 mmHg for Placebo and RIPC interventions,respectively).Moreover,all groups under-went a fourth test with incremental load,and a fifth test with constant load at 40%,50%,60%,70%and 80%VO2max.Results The time to exhaustion and the MAOD of the RIPC group were both greater than those in the Placebo and Control groups(P<0.05).However,no significant differences were found in the average alternative maximal accumulated oxygen deficit(MAODALT),lactic anaerobic metabolism,alactic anaerobic metabolism and parameters of excess post-exercise oxygen consump-tion dynamic curve of the three groups(P>0.05).Meanwhile,in the RIPC group,the average MAOD was significantly higher than MAODALT(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant rela-tionship between the improvement of MAOD and an increase in exhaustion time after RIPC interven-tion.Conclusion RIPC can improve supramaximal exercise performance of racquet athletes by enhanc-ing their MAOD,and the enhancement of glycolysis energy supply and lactic acid elimination is a po-tential intermediary of the improvement of sports performance.

Surgery is an important method for the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer. With the continuous development of minimally invasive esophageal technology, video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy (VATE) has demonstrated obvious advantages over conventional open surgery and has been widely accepted. However, there are still some esophageal cancer patients who cannot benefit from VATE. Inflatable video-assisted mediastinoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy(IVMTE) does not require one-lung ventilation, reduces postoperative complications, expands surgical indications, and brings surgical opportunities for patients with impaired lung function and thoracic lesions, which has become a new choice for the treatment of esophageal cancer. However, the limited field of surgical view and the tunneling surgical approach undoubtedly increase the difficulty of surgery, and how to clearly expose the anatomical structures and thoroughly dissect the lymph nodes has always been the key points and difficulties of surgery. The authors review relevant literatures to discuss the clinical progress and limitations of IVMTE.