This article offers some suggestions to the design and making of multimedia courseware. Combining teaching practice, speaks of the application of multimedia courseware and important significance during Organic Reactions for Drug Synthesis teaching.

America medical education system has more important effect on our long-education program.Based on the analysis of the characters in medical education between China and America,several suggestions about obstetric and gynecological teaching have been brought up to accommodate the new tendency,as well as the culture of specialists in the future.

Objective To understand the pathogenesis and the clinical features of the bladder soft calculi. Methods A case of bladder soft calculi with emphysematous cystitis was reported.The patient,who had underwent partial cystectomy for bladder cancer,was 53 years old with diabetes and prostate hyperplasia. E.coli was found in his urine.KUB showed negative result.B-us and cystoscopy showed bladder mass.Some of other cases were also reviewed. Results The patient underwent surgical operation,and during the procedure a multilamellar yellow/brown internal structure of the calculi was observed.It presented as something like cellulose in the pathological study.The patient received antibiotic therapy after operation for two weeks,and recovered very well. Conclusions The formation of soft calculi is typically associated with urinary infection caused by proteus species.Diabetes mellitus is believed to be the most important predisposing factor for the formation of soft calculi.In most cases, surgical manipulation is required for their removal because they are not dissolved by any means yet known, and the antibiotic therapy is necessary too.

Objective To evaluate the expression of multidrug resistance-related markers in renal pelvic and ureteral carcinoma. Methods The immunohistochemical expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), lung-resistance protein (LRP) and glutathione S-transferase Pi (GST-?) were examined in 51 patients with renal pelvic or ureteral carcinoma.The correlation between the expression and some clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Results The positive expression rate of P-gp、MRP、LRP and GST-? in renal pelvic or ureteral carcinoma was 35.3%(18/51),39.2%(20/51),58.8%(30/51) and 43.1%(22/51) respectively.The rate of P-gp positive staining was increased with the advance of tumor grade (P

Objective To investigate the methods of steroid supplement following adrenalectomy in the patients with Cushing syndrome.Methods The methods and outcome of steroid supplement following adrenalectomy in 75 cases of Cushing syndrome were retrospectively reviewed.Results Supraphysiological doses of glucocorticoid was given during the perioperative period,and the dosage was reduced gradually.Prednisone with a dosage of 5 to 7.5 mg was given once a day on discharge.In the patients with adrenocortical adenoma,4 to 15 month of steroid supplement was required.The patients undergoing bilateral adrenalectomy required lifelong steroid supplementation.Steroid withdrawal syndrome occurred during steroid tapering in 8 patients with adrenocortical adenoma,2 of them had normal plasma cortisol level.Conclusion In the patients with Cushing syndrome,even those with normal plasma cortisol level might have steroid withdrawal syndrome episodes during steroid tapering.

Objective To explore the trends and influencing factors of woman′s menarche age in Shigatse area of Tibet .Methods Totally 2 492 cases of female outpatients been surveyed from July to December 2010 ,of which 1 492 cases of Tibetan and 941 ca‐ses of Han ,and the relationship between their menarche age and nationality ,altitude and residence were analyzed .Results The‐woman′s menarche age of Tibetan was significantly higher than that of Han women(15 .090 ± 1 .898 vs .13 .920 ± 1 .538 ,P<0 .05);the woman′s menarche age were significantly different among the different altitude groups (P<0 .01) ,the age of menarche increa‐ses gradually along with the altitude increasing ,and Pearson correlation value was 0 .323 .Menarche age of Tibetan women living in the town was significantly less than that of rural women (14 .760 ± 1 .784 vs .15 .580 ± 1 .873 ,P< 0 .05) .Conclusion Menarche age of Tibetan were later than Han women ,and were gradually delay with the elevation increase .

Objective To explore the effects and the possible mechanism of Gingko biloba on liver injury due to arsenic poisoning in rats,and to provide experimental evidence for prevention and treatment of arsenic poisoning.Methods The corn powder baked by high arsenic coal was served as the main raw material to make feed containing arsenic.Forty healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups according to their body weights,including control group A,arsenic poisoning group,control group B,natural recovery group and Ginkgo biloba treatment group,eight rats in each group,half male and half female.The control group A rats were fed with normal diet ad libitum for 3.0 months;the arsenic poisoning group rats were freely given feed containing arsenic (100 mg/kg) for 3.0 months;the control group B rats were fed with normal diet ad libitum for 4.5 months;the natural recovery group rats were freely given arsenic (100 mg/kg) feed for 3.0 months,and then given a normal diet for 1.5 months;Ginkgo biloba treatment rats ingested arsenic feed for 3.0 months,and then give Ginkgo biloba solution (25 mg/kg) orally,6 d/week for 1.5 months,then back to normal diet.The content of arsenic in urine,liver,as well as the liver function indices [alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),total bile acids (TBA),gamma glutamyl aminopeptidase (GGT),glutathione S-transferase (GSTs)] and the oxidative stress indexes [superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPx),thiol (-SH),malondialdehyde （MDA)] of liver homogenate,were measured.Results The arsenic content of urine and liver (geometric mean) of the rats in arsenic poisoning group (2 991.24 μg/g Cr,4.29 μg/g) were significantly higher than those in control group A (91.59 μg/g Cr,1.00 μg/g).Urinary arsenic and liver arsenic levels of rats in natural recovery and Ginkgo biloba treatment groups (467.39,334.48 μg/g Cr;,3.15,1.88 μg/g) were higher than those in control group B (99.54 μg/g Cr,0.85 μg/g).The arsenic contents of urine of the rats in natural recovery group,the arsenic contents of urine and liver of rats of Ginkgo biloba treatment group were all lower than those in arsenic poisoning group.The differences were significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The activity/contents of AST,TBA,GGT,GSTs of rats in arsenic poisoning group [(212.88 ± 29.76) U/L,(19.19 ± 4.33) μmol/L,(1.73 ± 0.50) U/L,(196.21 ± 47.38) U/L] were all significantly higher than those in control group A [(142.63 ± 24.20) U/L,(6.23 ± 2.95) μmol/L,(0.77 ± 0.32) U/L,(142.86 ± 28.58) U/L].The activity/contents of TBA,GGT,GSTs in natural recovery group were (17.07 ± 3.92) μ,mol/L,(1.47 ± 0.57) U/L and (178.06 ± 27.37) U/L;and the contents of TBA in Ginkgo biloba treatment group were (13.60 ± 3.00) μmol/L;which were all higher than those in control group B [(7.55 ± 2.45) μmol/L,(0.74 ± 0.51) U/L,(145.17 ± 28.59) U/L].The activity of AST in natural recovery group [(137.44 ± 23.20) U/L],the activity/contents of AST,TBA,GGT and GSTs in Ginkgo biloba treatment group[(129.63 ± 31.25) U/L,(13.60 ± 3.00) μmol/L,(1.15 ± 0.48) U/L,(155.64 ± 20.79) U/L,respectively] were all lower than those in arsenic poisoning group.The content of TBA in Ginkgo biloba treatment group was lower than that of natural recovery group.The differences of those indexes were all significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The activity/contents of SOD,GPx and-SH in arsenic poisoning group [(46.34 ± 11.39),(275.16 ± 92.00) U/mg prot and (0.08 ± 0.02) μmol/mg prot] were all significantly lower than those in control group A [(75.52 ± 8.72),(1 351.01 ± 395.96) U/mg prot,(0.13 ± 0.01) μmol/mg prot].The activity of SOD and GPx in natural recovery group [(42.44 ± 9.58),(694.87 ± 187.01) U/mg prot] were all lower than those in control group B [(68.17 ± 11.11),(1 342.80 ± 185.04) U/mg prot].The activity of GPx in natural recovery group,the activity/contents of SOD,GPx,-SH in Ginkgo biloba treatment group [(63.90 ± 10.44),(1 283.28 ± 373.87) U/mg prot,(0.12-± 0.02) μmol/mg prot] were all higher than those in arsenic poisoning group.The contents of SOD,GPx,-SH in Ginkgo biloba treatment group were higher than those of natural recovery group.The content of MDA in arsenic poisoning group [(3.05 ± 0.94) nmol/mg prot] was higher than that in control group A [(1.67 ± 0.55) nmol/mg prot].The content of MDA of rats in natural recovery and Ginkgo biloba treatment groups were (2.22 ± 0.93),(1.77 ± 0.37) nmol/mg prot,which were lower than those in the arsenic poisoning group.The differences of the above indexes were all significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ginkgo biloba can reduce the accumulation of arsenic in the liver and ameliorate lipid peroxidation,relieve liver injury effectively in rats caused by coal-burning arsenic.

Objective To develop a mouse model of premature ovarian failure (POF) by chemical treatment or radiotreatment. Methods Eighty Kunming mice were divided into four groups, including chemical treatment group that were administered Cyclophosphamide and Busulfan, radiotreatment group receiving 60Co ? ray irradiation, control group and castrated group. To evaluate the animal model, vaginal smears were collected daily for estrous cycle determination, and serum hormone levels and histological changes in ovaries were examined. Results Estrous cycles became irregular after chemical treatment or radiotreatment (P0.05). Compared to control group, ovaries from chemical treatment and radiotreatment groups showed ovarian atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The number of growing follicles and non-atretic primordial follicles was notably reduced (P

There were some shortcomings for traditional teaching mode of nutrition and food hygiene course, such as many teaching contents and little teaching time, students much passively learning and little active learning. We explored the combination of the WeChat and the TBL teaching to conduct the flipped classroom to solve the deficiency. The teaching pattern was conducted in 60 students majoring in preventive medicine from Grade 2012. The learning task of nutrition and food hygiene was released on the WeChat before the class. Students learned knowledge in the form of discussion based on case in the class. After the class, the discussion, answer the question and test were conducted on the WeChat. The survey showed that 85% of the students were satisfied with teaching pattern,especially satisfied with its role of broadening students' knowledge and vision, improving their autonomous learning ability, teamwork ability, and their ability to analyze and solve problems.

OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of superoxidase (SOD)-enriched cili juice (CJSOD)on immune function of arseniasis rats,in order to provide a experi mental basis for the search of drugs of immune regulation of the ende mic arsenic poisoning.METHODS Wistar rats were rando mly divided into arsenic 25,50 and 100mg·g-1 groups to be fed 164.67 pp marsenic conta minated grain at levels of 15%,30% and 60%,experi mental period was 90d,CJSOD intervention group was fed with feed contained arsenic 100mg·kg-1 for 90d,then CJSOD was ad ministered at 10mL·kg-1 (6d /week) for 45d.The urine arsenic contents,blood T-ly mphocyte subsets (CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 + T cell),seru mimmunoglobulin (IgG,IgM,IgA)and complement (C3,C4)were analyzed.RESULTS Co mpared with the normal control group,As 50 and 100mg·kg-1 group had significantly lower CD3 +(46.21 ± 21 .62,31 .31 ±7.73),CD4 +(30.36 ±9.97,25.94 ±12.94)and the ratio of CD4 +/CD8 +(1 .12 ±0.41 , 1 .12 ±0.41 ).As 100mg·kg-1 group showed clearly high levels of C4(81 .18 ±13.23)(P <0.05). Co mpared with the As 100mg·kg-1 group,after intervention with CJSOD,the positive rate of CD3 +(54.06 ±25.77),CD4 +(42.50 ±17.01 ),and the ratio of CD4 +/CD8 +(1 .80 ±0.71 )were significantly increased,while the result of C4 (68.70 ±10.30)and the urine arsenic contents 〔253.82 (158.21 ~494. 11 )〕was significantly decreased(P <0.05).The levels of urine arsenic in rat and CD3 +,CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 + were negatively correlated,while positive correlation existed between the level of urine arsenic and C4(P <0.01 ).CONCLUSION Arsenic inhibit the immune function in rats.Arsenic load levels were positively correlated with the degree of inhibition.CJSOD preparation can i mprove the immune function of arseniasis rats.