Objective: To determine if naloxone has reverse effect on cerebral ischemic injury following cardiac arrest. Method:Ten dogs underwent 15-min cardiac arrest and then were divided into two groups during 3-hour cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Group A(n=5): the animals were administered with conventional CPR;group B(n=5): in addition,at onset of CPR,an I. V. bolus of 0.2mg?kg~(-1) of naloxone,followed by infusion of 0.02mg?kg~(-1)?h~(-1). Result: Cerebral blood flow, Cerebral perfusion pressure in group B were significantly higher than those in group A (P

Objective To investigate the effects of enflurane (Enf)at normothermia or hypothermia on myocardial energy metabolism. Methods Twenty-four isolated rabbit hearts, perfused with modified Krebs-Hensleit buffer using Langendorff's device in 15 min, were randomly assigned to be perfused with 1. 1 % Enf at normothermia (37℃ ), 2. 2 % Enf at normothermia (37℃ ), 1. 1 % Enf at hypothermia (30℃ ), or 2. 2 % Enf at hypothermia (30 ℃ ), respectively. The myocardial adenine nucleotides contents, activities of ATPases were measured after 30min perfusion. Results In group 2.2% Enf, ATP content was significantly higher and the activity of Na+ -K+ ATPase was significantly lower than those in group 1. 1 % Enf at normothermia or hypothermia (P

OBJECTIVE:To explore the way for the development of E-commerce in Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises. METHODS:The successful experiences of American in developing E-commerce were studied,and problems for the develop-ment of E-commerce in China pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The development of E-commerce in Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises should count on information construction in enterprises,depend on the third party E-commerce transaction platform,focus on the service and actively develop the countryside market etc.

Based on the analysis of blended learning characteristics, a blended learning pro-cess model including preliminary analysis, learning activities design, blended evaluation was con-structed. Then, a blended learning case study was carried out by taking the Fourth Military Medical University Information Security course as an example. The implement methods of setting learning goal, selecting learning content, constructing learning environment, organizing learning activities and course evaluation, were described in detail. Lastly, from the effectiveness questionnaire, it could be shown that blended learning motivated the learners' enthusiasm significantly. In order to improve the learning performance, we proposed that blended learning activities must be flexible and adaptive,and integrate face-to-face learning with online learning effectively.

Amygdala (AM) plays crucial roles in emotional learning, memory and behavior. These functions of AM are carried out by three main subnuclei (lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus and central nucleus) in AM and closely related with a transcription factor, cAMP- responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the neurons of the AM. CREB can be phosphorylated (pCREB) in many kinds of neuronal processes to regulate the synthesis of proteins for the formation of memory processes. In order to identify what neuronal types express pCREB and how the pCREB levels changed at different time intervals after an emotional stress stimulation, the present study is designed to investigate pCREB-, glutamate (Glu)- and parvalbumin (PV)- immunoreactive (IR) profiles in AM and the levels of pCREB in AM after a stress of forced swimming (FS). The results showed that the pCREB expressed in the Glu-IR neurons but not in the PV-IR neurons, and the expression level of the pCREB increased dramatically after the stress. The present results suggested that pCREB modulates the emotional processes through the Glu-IR neurons and that the pCREB greatly upregulated to response to the emotional stimuli.

It has been reported that the small type of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) play an important role in pain regulation by a presynaptic mechanism via the metabotropic type-B γ-aminobutyric acid receptors ( GABABR ). In order to understand whether the 2populations of the small type of the neurons, peptidergic and nonpeptidergic, in DRG share the same role, immunoflourescent histochemical methods and confocal laser scanning microscope were employed to investigate the expression of the GABABR in the peptidergic and nonpeptidergic small DRG neurons. The results revealed that 92% of the peptidergic and 90% of nonpeptidergic small DRG neurons express GABABR in their perikarya and central processes, which distribute in the various laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. These results suggest both the peptidergic and nonpeptidergic populations of the small neurons in the DRG share similar role in pain modulation via presynaptic mechanisms but in given laminae of the spinal dorsal horn.

As the elements of local neuronal circuits, parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons in the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala play an important role in the amygdaloid functions of emotion, learning and memory. In order to investigate how the PV-containing interneurons in the BL are controlled, the synapses established on PV- containing interneurons in the BL of the rat amygdala were examined under immunoelectron microscopy using the double labeling methods with anti-PV and anti-dopamine (DA) antibodies for a reference of dopaminergic axon terminals. The results show that the PV immunoreactive (IR) neurons formed the synapses mainly on the dendritic structures from shafts of the dendrites to median and small dendritic branches. 68% of the synapses on the PV-IR profiles were formed by unlabeled axon terminals, and 32 % of them were formed by DA- (21 % ) and PV- (11 % )IR axon terminals. Majority of the synapses on the PV-IR neurons formed by unlabeled axon terminals were symmetric type, and only a small a mount of them were asymmetric that were observed between the PV-IR spines and unlabeled axon terminals and in the serial synapses in which an unlabeled axon terminal symmetrically contacted to another unlabeled axon terminal that, in turn, synapsed asymmetrically to the PV-IR dendritic profiles. The synapses formed between the PV-IR profiles and DA- or PV-IR axon terminals were exclusively symmetric. The present results suggest that the PV-containing interneurons in the BL of the rat amygdala were controlled by an inhibitory network formed by the symmetric synapses around them, among which the DA system was included.

It has been known that the Alzheimer's disease(AD)is related closely with a synaptic failure,and the p21-activated kinase(PAK)is well documented to play an important role in the regulation of the synaptie functions.However,the relationship between thePAK and the pathology of AD is unclear.In the present study,we examined the expressions of the PAK3(one subtype ofPAK),phospho-rylated-PAK(pPAK) and β-amyloid42(Aβ42,β-amyloid with 42 peptides)in an APP/PS1 double transgenie mouse model of AD andthe morphologies of geurOtlS in the hippocampus at different ages.The Western Blot results showed that the expression of PAK remainedunchanged,while,the expression of pPAK decreased largely at the age of 32 weeks and further decreased significantly with aging in thehippocampus of the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse.A1342 levels in the hippocampus were detected to increase as early as the age of 22 weeks,and kept the increase to continue with aging.The morphological results showed no obvious neuron loss in the sections of Nissl staining,while serious distonion and disorder of the dendrites of the hippocampal neurons were observed on the sections of Gelgi staining in theAPP/PS1 transgenic mouse.The present results suggested that it seemed something wrong in the processes of phospholization of PAK,butnot in the expression of the PAK itself;the toxic Aβ42 might affect the PAK in its phospholization,which in turn directly influence thedendritic development in the hippocampal neurons and cause the dendrites distorting and disordering.

Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EEM), also known as Jeavons syndrome, is a type of genetic generalized epilepsy officially recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. The clinical characteristics of EEM include eyelid myoclonia, eye closure sensitivity, and photosensitivity, typically manifesting in childhood with a higher prevalence in female patients. The prognosis of EEM is poor, and seizures are difficult to fully control even with standardized drug treatment. The electroencephalogram of EEM often shows fast interictal multiple spike-wave complexes, which can be induced by eye closure or photic stimulation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and other studies have found that EEM is associated with brain network abnormalities, particularly the key role of the central medial thalamic nucleus in the regulation of cortical excitability. Genetic research has found that EEM may be related to variations in genes such as CHD2, SYNGAP1, NEXMIF, RORB, and GABRA1.

Background: Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the causative agent of classical swine fever (CFS), is a highly contagious disease that poses a serious threat to Chinese pig populations. Objectives: Many provinces of China, such as Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning provinces, have reported epidemics of CSFV, while the references to the epidemic of CSFV in Yunnan province are rare. This study examined the epidemic characteristics of the CSFV in Yunnan province. Methods: In this study, 326 tissue samples were collected from different regions in Yunnan province from 2015 to 2021. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), sequences analysis, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the pathogenic detection and analysis of these 326 clinical specimens. Results: Approximately 3.37% (11/326) of specimens tested positive for the CSFV by RTPCR, which is lower than that of other regions of China. Sequence analysis of the partial E2 sequences of eleven CSFV strains showed that they shared 89.0–100.0% nucleotide (nt) and 95.0–100.0% amino acid (aa) homology, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel isolates belonged to the subgenotypes 2.1c and 2.1d, with subgenotype 2.1c being predominant. Conclusions The CSFV was sporadic in China’s Yunnan province from 2015 to 2021. Both 2.1c and 2.1d subgenotypes were found in this region, but 2.1c was dominant.