Objective To investigate age-related changes of serum prolactin(PRL) and testosterone (T) in aging males and to study the correlation between PRL and prostatic hyperplasia. Methods 84 aged males were divided into four groups, the fifties, the sixties, the seventies and the eigh- ties . Serum PRL and T were measured using radioimmunoassay. The volume of prostate was evaluated by ultrasound in 38 and it's correlation with PRL studied. Results Serum T level of the 4 age groups from fifties to eighties was (25.92?2.54),(21.00?1.92),(18.37?2.49) and (14.75? 2.38 ) nmol/L respectively and PRL concentration (1.11?0.16), (0.96?0.20), (0.99?0.18) and (0.91?0.29) nmol/L. Analysis of variance showed that serum T concentration significantly decreased with age ( F =3.44, P 0.05). No association between PRL and volume of prostate has been observed. Conclusions PRL play a physiological role in the development and growth of prostate via androgen. But such effect of androgeno-dependence on prostate is greatly diminished because of the decrease of androgen hormone with age especially in the aged.

During the last decade,tissue engineering techniques,including the preparation of scaffold and cell culture,have undergone significant development and achieved encouraging results in preliminary clinical trails.However,many medical ethical conflicts still lie ahead in the tissue engineering of the bladder for clinical applications.This review focuses on the current status of tissue engineering techniques and proposes some fundamental principles to be followed in the clinical application of tissue engineering of the bladder.

Objective To consider the clinical significance of retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal diseases. Methods We analyzed 33 cases of adrenal diseases treated by retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy in this hospital from October 1996 to December 2001. Results Retroperitoneal laparoscopy was successfully applied in 31 cases, whereas conversions to open adrenalectomy were required in the other 2 cases. The mean operation time was 158 min (120 min～200 min). The mean intraoperative blood loss was 150 ml, without blood transfusion needed. The mean length of hospital stay was 6.4 days. Conclusions Compared with open surgery, retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy has the advantages of minimal invasion, less blood loss, fewer complications, quicker recovery and shorter hospital stay length. This procedure can be applied to in the absence of contraindications (such as tumor size being more than 10cm, metastatic carcinoma and vital organs or blood vessels being involved).

Objective:To establish a rat model of erectile dysfunction caused by the injury of the cavernous nerve. Methods:Rats topographical anatomy were done for identifing the cavernous nerve and major pelvic ganglion and pelvic nerve and hypogastric nerve .Polygraph intracavernous pressure of the models were detected continuously and evaluated. Results:Erectile process was controlled by erectile nerve. Major pelvic ganglion includes two inflows,they are called pelvic nerve and hypogastric nerve. The largest outflow is cavernous nerve. The injury of the cavernous nerve will lead to erectile dysfunction. Conclusion:Rat can be an ideal animal model for studying the erectile dysfunction caused by cavernous nerve injury. The neuvological mechanism of erectile dysfunction can be evaluated with determination of intracavernous pressure.

Objective To summarize the experience and the insufficiency of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital on patent management,and find out the problemsand countermeasures for the management.Methods The authorized patents during 2003-2014 of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital were analyzed statistically,and the date was overall analyzed combined withthe number,type,content,maintenance and transfer of patent and inventors' educational background,title and subject;and results are further analyzed;Results Patent grant increased significantly more than the invention patent in recent years.In terms of patent types,most patents are utility model patents,and conversion rate of patent outcome is very low.Conclusions Suggestions are proposed to improve hospital patent management:strengthening the guidance of the management of patent policy;promoting patent work;enhancing the professional quality of patent managers;optimizing the patent management processe andstrengthening the patent examination and data analysis;strengthening strategic cooperation among intellectual property management department,patent agency and biological pharmaceutical enterprises.

Objective To observe the expression of Her-2/neu protein and androgen receptor (AR) in human prostate cancer and to evaluate their significances in the progression of prostate cancer. Methods The Her-2/neu protein and AR immunohistochemical stain were carried out in human prostate tissue microarray that consisted of prostate cancer (107 cases) and benign prostate tissue (42 cases). The prostate cancer cases were divided into 4 groups: group one (Gleason score 6),group two (Gleasonscore 7), group three (Gleasonscore 8) and group four (Gleasonscore 9) according to the Gleason score. The immunostains immunohistochemical stain were interpreted in two aspects of the staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells. The significance and relationships between the expression of Her-2/neu protein and AR in prostate cancer and benign prostate tissue (BPT) and the grouping of different Gleason scores of prostate cancer were then evaluated. Results The positive expression rate of Her-2/neu protein was significantly higher in prostate cancer tissue than in BPT [43.9%(47/107) vs. 14.3%(6/42), x2=11.562, P=0.009], and the positive expression intensity of Her-2/neu immunoreactivity was also higher (x2= 11.764, P=0.008). There were significant differences in positive expression intensity of Her-2/neu immunoreactivity among the different Gleason scores groups (x2 = 20. 512, P = 0. 015), and the expression intensity was significantly positively correlated with Gleason scores ( r= 0. 269, P = 0. 005). There was significant difference in AR immunoreactivity between in prostate cancer (67 %, 72/107) and in BPT (50 %, 21/42, x2 =3. 843, P=0. 050). Among prostate cancer cases, the positive expression intensity of AR was not significantly different among groups 1 through 4 (x2 = 4. 318, P = 0. 229), and was not significantly correlated with Gleason scores ( r = - 0. 065, P = 0. 505 ). Moreover, the positive expression intensity of Her-2/neu protein was not significantly correlated with that of AR (r = -0. 115, P=0. 237). Conclusions Overexpression of Her-2/neu protein in human prostate cancer tissue suggests that Her-2/neu may have some role in prostate tumorigenesis. Her-2/neu protein expression is positively correlated with Gleason score in prostate cancer, which suggests that Her-2/neu may be a potential prognostic predictor of prostate cancer.

Objective To evaluate the expression of molecular markers in prostate cancer and to clarify the significance of these markers as prognostic indicators for androgen deprivation therapy. Methods A series of 116 prostate cancer patients under androgen deprivation therapy as a single treatment was reviewed. Expression levels of 7 proteins, including androgen receptor(AR),E-cadherin, Chromogranin A(CgA) , Ki-67, Survivin, EZH2 and hepsin, were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Results Of the 7 molecules. Ki67,EZH2 and Survivin expression were significantly associated with several conventional prognostic factors. Univariate analysis identified clinical stage, Glea-son scores,pretreatment serum PSA level, Ki-67 and Survivin expression as significant predictors for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression after endocrine therapy. Of these significant factors, Survivin expression, clinical stage and Gleason scores appeared to be independently related to PSA progression after endocrine therapy by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, there were significant differences in PSA progression-free survival according to positive numbers of these three independent risk factors. Conclusion Survivin could be a useful independent prognostic factor in prostate cancer with endocrine therapy, besides clinical stage and Gleason score.

Objective Through investigating the current situation of scientific research in medicine graduate students, we can provide scientific basis for training postgraduates effectively and reference for graduate education reform. Methods A total of 243 medicine graduate students in Drum Tower Hospital were surveyed and asked to complete the designed questionnaires which included general situation, the objective to study, the situation of participation projects, the management of student, and achievements. Results 33.74％ (82) of students' purpose was confusion, 51.44％ of (125) graduate students engaged in clinical and basic research, the scientific research graduate students and doctoral students participated in the tutor research project more than the professional type graduate students and Postgraduate student (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the number of SCI related papers published by the postgraduates who differ in their ways of training and in different degrees (P<0.05). Conclusion Graduate students are an important part of high-level talents in China. They are the successors of future scientific research. The effectiveness of training postgraduates' scientific research ability will directly affect the future scientific research level of the country. So we should strengthen the cultivation of graduate students' scientific research accomplishment, construct a scientific training model, set up scientific training mode and supervision mech-anism, in order to promote the research level of medical graduate students.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in the diagnosis and treatment of azoospermia.

METHODSWe examined 385 azoospermia patients using the techniques of PESA and TESE.

RESULTSOf the total number of the azoospermia patients, 64 (16.62%) had sperm in the epididymis and 45 (11.69%) in the testis. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was applied to 64 of the patients with sperm in the epididymis or testis. The pregnancy rate after the embryo transfer was 39.07%.

CONCLUSIONPESA and TESE, as an effective therapy for azoospermia, can further the classification of azoospermia and provide chances of procreation to azoospermia patients with partial obstruction.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Epididymis ; cytology ; Humans ; Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; methods ; Testis ; cytology ; Treatment Outcome

Trauma and surgery sometimes cause erectile dysfunction because of injury to pelvic nerves and cavernous nerves of the penis. The ideal treatment is to make the injured nerves regenerate themselves and erectile function recover completely. This paper reviews the recent advances in the studies of erigentes regeneration and plerosis following injury in order to find the best method to enhance erigentes regeneration.
Erectile Dysfunction ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Erection ; physiology ; Penis ; innervation ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Regeneration ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; adverse effects