The plant resources, distribution, extraction, pharmacological effects and its application in medicine of flavonoids procyanidins were reviewed based on the literature, in order to provide the basis for further application and comprehensive development.

Objective To analyze the characteristics in the incarcerated inm ate’s death, investigate the m ain cause of death of the incarcerated inm ate and provide som e inform ation for forensic investigation. Methods The cases from the forensic m edical center of Shanxi Medical U niversity from 2005 to 2013 were selected. The statistical analysis w as perform ed by using the incarcerated inm ate’s gender, age, cause of death, m anner of death, and disease as the m arkers. Results There were 100 men, 5 w omen in the 105 incarcerated inm ates;the age range w as from 16 to 65 years;Inm ates were mostly died of nat-ural diseases, m ainly in the respiratory and cardiovascular diseases;the m ain unnatural death w as suicide w ith a rate of 54.5%. Conclusion Atpresent, most incarcerated inm ate’s death are due to natural dis-eases. The prison should im prove incarcerated inm ate’s lives, w ork and health care conditions, and strengthen supervision of law enforcement.

Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on bone activity of rabbit heterotopic allograft decalcified bone.Methods 140 adult healthy China white rabbits were selected,no limitation with sex,20 rabbits as the donor preparation of allogenic decalcified bone,according to the random number table,the rest was divided into the experimental group (allograft decalcified bone ± VEGF) and the control group (Allograft decalcified bone),each group contained 60 rabbits.For the experimental group,the prepared 1.5 cm long homologous decalcified tibia was placed in rabbit right thigh of rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscle gap near by saphenous artery,and fixed on the femur with two 0.8 mm Kirschner wire.In the vicinity of the skin,implanted an osmotic pump which contain the VEGF solution 200 μl with concentration was 0.5 μg/ml.In the control group,implanted the isometric allograft decalcified bone in rabbit right thigh corresponding parts with the same method.Each group respectively at 0,2,4,6,8,10 weeks to death 10 white rabbits,By specimen observation,HE dyeing observation and detection of type Ⅰ glue protein fluorescence intensity,Analysis the bone activation degree of two groups of bone allograft decalcified.Results Experimental allograft decalcified bone gradually wrapped by connective tissue membrane,its surface appear different size of the pits and gradually increased and become deep,while the control group pits relatively little and shallow.In the experimental group and control group,the fluorescence intensity of type Ⅰ collagen reached its peak respectively at 8 weeks (47.57 ±3.50) and 10 weeks (45.07±6.02),with no statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Rabbit allograft decalcified bone implanted in the muscle clearance with abundant blood supply can be transformed into activated bone after 10 weeks,and after applying exogenous VEGF,allograft decalcified bone can be transformed into activated bone after 8 weeks,the bone activation process obviously speed up.The reaults confirmed the exogenous VEGF can obviously promote the ectopic rabbit bone allograft decalcified bone activation process.

Objective To establish acute hepatotoxic model induced by Amanita exitialis and to study the characteristics of acute toxic liver failure induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins,in hope for providing some help to experimental research on poisoning induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins.Methods UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method was used to detect peptide toxins in Amanita exitialis.To establish acute toxic liver hepatic failure model,the beagles were fed with 60 mg/kg of lyophilized powder of Amanita exitialis fungus which encapsulated in starch capsules.Toxic sighs were observed,coagulation function,hepatic and renal function,liver histopathological morphology,peptide toxin concentration in plasma and urine were detected during the experiment.Results Total peptide toxins in Amanita exitialis was (3 482.6 ± 124.94) mg/ kg.All the beagles had toxic signs including vomiting and diarrhea in 12-48 h after ingestion.On 24 h after ingestion,the beagles' ALT,AST,TBIL,ALP,PT and APTT levels increased obviously.On 36 h after ingestion,the beagles' ALT,AST,PT and APTT values reached their peaks (ALT:283.2 ± 112.9 Kallmann unit;AST:223.9 ±93.8 Kallmann units;PT:132.9 ± 152.6 s;APTT:131.4 ± 153.9 s).On 48 h after ingestion,the beagles' TBIL and ALP levels reached their peaks (TBIL:23.3 ± 14.6 mol/L;ALP:274.5 ± 115.5 U/L).The beagles' TBIL,TP and APTT returned to normal 1 week after ingestion,their ALT,AST and ALP levels returned to normal 3 weeks after ingestion.Three dogs died during 24-72 h after ingestion.Liver histopathological morphology study showed hemorrhagic necrosis of hepatocytes.Peptide toxins can be detected in plasma within 24 h after ingestion.Peptide toxins can be detected in urine within 96 h after ingestion.Conclusion Amanita peptide toxins can cause hemorrhagic necrosis of liver cells and lead to acute liver failure.This model is consistent with clinical pathophysiological process of acute toxic liver failure induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins,and it can be applied to the study of diagnosis and treatment of poisoning induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins.

BACKGROUND: The content of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen and the ratio of both are crucial factors to promote heart geometric morphology change,and ventricular systolic and diastolic myocardial performance.Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) are primary regulatory substances of collagen metabolism.After myocardial infarction,chronic heart failure rats were subjected to bone marrow meseuchymal stem cell transplantation.What changes in MMP-2 and TIMPI would occur?OBJECTIVE: To observe the content of type Ⅰ and Ⅲcollagen and the ratio between both,as well as expression levels of MMP-2 and TIMP1 in the left ventricular tissue of rats with myocardial infarction-caused chronic heart failure following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Department of Senile Angiocardiopathy,General Hospital of Chinese PLA & Department of Biochemistry,Peking University Health Science Center.MATERIALS: This study was performed at the laboratory of Department of Biochemistry,Peking University Health Science Center between July 2004 and December 2005.Male Sprage Dawley rats of clean grade,aged 4 weeks old,were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center,Beijing Medical University and used for preparation of MSCs.Fourteen female rats,weighing 200-250g,were developed into models of heart failure-caused by myocardial infarction.METHODS: MSCs were isolated and,purified by gradient centrifugation and adherent cells were allowed to proliferate.Female rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce chronic ischemic heart failure.Four weeks later,the rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: (1) experimental group (n=7),rats received transplantation of MSCs harvested from male rats [5×106 in 50 μL phosphate buffered saline(PBS)]by injection into the ischemic myocardium; (2) control group (n=7),rats received the same volume of PBS.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty-one days after therapy,(1) left ventricular fusion was tested by hematoxylin-eosinstaining and Masson staining; (2) Expression of MMP-2 and 1TMPI as well as contents of type I and llI collagen was analyzed by immunohistochemistry; (3) MMP-2 and TIMP1 expression levels were examined by Western blot.RESULTS: Fourteen rats were included in the final analysis.Type Ⅰ collagen expression in the scar area was much higher in theexperimental group than in the control group,while type Ⅲ collagen expression was much lower in the experimental group.MMP-2 expression was reduced and TIMPI expression was increased in the experimental group compared with the control group.Together,ventricular wall was thickened,ventricular chamber was reduced,and heart function was strengthened in the experimental group compared with the control group.CONCLUSION: MSC transplantation alleviated left ventricular remodeling in chronic ischemie heart failure,which results from dynamic regulation of MMP-2/TIMP1.

BACKGROUND: There are still few effective methods to repair injured myocardium after myocardial failure and pathologically rebuild reverral myocardium. As a new therapy, normal myocytes and therapeutic gene to interfere injured myocardium have advantageous effects in improving heart function.OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficiency and stability of adenovirus-medicated gene transferred into different passages of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and investigate the effect of MSC-based sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase gene (SERCA2a) gene therapy for rats with chronic heart failure. To compare the effects of gene therapy, cell transplantation and MSC-based SERCA2a gene therapy for chronic heart failure. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study.SETTING: Department of Senile Angiocardiopathy, General Hospital of Chinese PLA; Department of Biochemistry, Beijing Medical University. MATERIALS: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with 4 weeks old, clean grade and weighing 45-50 g provided by the Animal Experimental Center, Peking Medical University were used as donators of bone marrow. Other female SD rats of 12 weeks old, clean grade and weighing 200-250 g were used as receptors of cell transplantation and gene therapy. Sry gene of Y chromosome in male rats was used to evaluate whether transplanted cells of donators lived in myocardium of receptor rats. Ad-SERCa2a and Ad-EGFP were constructed by Doctor Lu Xiao-chun; MSC in the 3rd and 8th generations was isolating cultured on its own. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Zhou CY Laboratory (BSL-2), Department of Biochemistry, Beijing Medical University from July 2004 to December 2005. Thirty female SD rats received ligation at the left coronary artery to make models with chronic cardiac failure following acute myocardial infarction. And then, 29 rats were randomly divided into four groups, including gene therapy group (n=7), MSC group (n=7), gene-modified MSC group (n=8) and control group (n=7). Rats in the four groups were given the interventions of SERCA2a gene, MSC transplantation, MSC+Ad/SERCa2a and empty adenoviral vector, respectively. MSCs were separated and cultured, and then Ad-SERCA2a-GFP was used to transfer MSC in the 3rd and 8th generations.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ad-SERCA2a-GFP transfection rate of MSC was measured by using flow cytometer. Before and at 14 and 21 days after treatment, cardiac function was evaluated by ultrasonic echocardiogram. Expression of cytokine Ⅷ was tested by immunohistochemical staining. SERCA2a gene and protein expression were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively, as well as SERCA2a enzyme activity. RESULTS: ① Transfection rate: The infection efficiency of adenovirus-medicated gene into different passages of MSC was over 80%, and there was no difference between passage three (P3) MSC and P8 MSC (P > 0.05). ② Heart function: Left ventricle wall was thickened obviously in group MSC and group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a on the 21st day after treatment, while volume was shortened and gradually rounded. Compared to control group, ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction (FS) of group Ad-SERCa2a, group MSC and group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a were elevated significantly on the 14th day after therapy (P < 0.01). While the elevation values of EF and FS began to reduce in group Ad-SERCa2a on 14th day after therapy, it continued to increase in both group MSC and group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a (P < 0.01). Improvement rate of EF at 21 days after therapy (EF D21) increased in group MSC and group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a respectively, but decreased in group Ad-SERCa2a. Compared to group Ad-SERCa2a, peak systolic flow velocity of anterior wall and interventricular septum in group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a increased significantly on the 21st day after therapy, and peak diastolic flow velocity of anterior wall and interventricular septum elevated in group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a, too (P < 0.01). ③ SERCA2a gene, protein expression and enzyme activity in group MSC+Ad/SERCa2a were significantly stronger in group MSC and control group. Parts of MSC transplanted into scar zone expressed Ⅷ.CONCLUSION: ① MSC is an effective platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic gene. It suggests that different passages of MSC from P3 MSC to P8 MSC are regarded as high-effectively gene vehicles. MSC-based SERCA2a gene therapy showed much strong and lasting beneficial effect on exhausted myocardium. ② Effect of MSC transplantation on improving heart function may be related to promoting vascular neogenesis.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of T2 *mapping T2 *value combined with DWI ADC value in quantitative assessment of the activity of sacroiliitis.Methods 30 patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)were divided into 2 groups as acute group (n=17)and chronic group (n=13)according to the BASDAI scores of the clinical severity of disease.And 20 healthy adults were recruited as control group.All groups were examined by MR with traditional sequence,T2 *mapping and DWI in the sacroiliac joint.The T2 *value and ADC value of the bone marrow edema region and normal region were measured.Furthermore,the imaging data and the clinical scores were statistical analysis and compared among three groups.Results T2 *values and ADC values in acute group of AS patients were higher than chronic group (P<0.05),as well as compared with healthy volunteers (P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the chronic group of AS patients and control group (P>0.05).Positive correlation between ADC value and BASDAI was observed in patients group.Conclusion T2 *mapping combined with DWI imaging in AS is beneficial for early diagnosis and quantitative analysis of the activity of sacroiliitis.

Objective:To observe the effects of static 70° head-up tilted standing and of repeated body repositioning on hemodynamics in healthy young and middle-aged persons.Methods:The hemodynamics of 24 middle-aged and 23 younger persons were studied. Both groups were requested to perform static 70° head-up tilted standing and to repeatedly change their body position from 0° to 70° of tilt at a velocity of 1°/second for ten minutes in a random order. Before, between and after each test the subjects rested supine for ten minutes. Hemodynamic variables and blood pressure were recorded non-invasively.Results:The average heart rate (HR) increased significantly in both groups when rising from supine to the testing positions. In 70° tilted standing the average HR of the youth group, 84.0±9.5bpm, was significantly higher than that in the other position and that of the middle-aged group in the same position. The average HR of the middle-aged group in 70° tilted standing was also significantly higher than in the other position. Among the middle-aged group, the average stroke volume (SV) in the testing positions was significantly lower than when resting. Significant differences were observed in the average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between the testing and rest positions for both groups, with the average DBP of the middle-aged group significantly higher than that of the youth group in all three positions. Among the youth group, the average SV, CO and systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the males were significantly higher than among the females in all of the different body positions.Conclusions:Young persons mainly rely on an increased heart rate to maintain cardiac output while middle-aged participants appear to achieve this through increased peripheral resistance. Repeated position changes have less impact on hemodynamics than 70° inclined standing, making it a safer and more stable training method. However, the long-term effects of such intervention need to be confirmed in further studies.

Objective To understand the knowledge of tuberculosis in general hospital patients with respiratory diseases.Methods Face to face questionnaire survey 821 respiratory patients, the main contents include: the tuberculosis awareness, common symptoms of tuberculosis, tuberculosis with or without contagious, persistent cough expectorant willing to go to where the treatment of tuberculosis, national policy, treatment of the course of treatment, tuberculosis prevention measures, and whether the knowledge of tuberculosis drug resistance.Results 92.1% of patients were aware of TB and 98.7% of patients knew TB was contagious, and 99% knew that TB was transmitted by the respiratory tract.Only 4.5% of patients with symptoms appear willing to go to tuberculosis treatment of patients.94.9% of the patients were aware of a specific TB control facility, 85% knew that the basic TB treatment was free, 99% thought to be good treatment of tuberculosis patients, 55% of patients know that tuberculosis treatment for a long time, to regular medication.30% of people know that mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance.90% of patients know to isolate tuberculosis patients, 40% of patients that protect susceptible populations, and 95% believed that BCG could prevent tuberculosis.Conclusion Patients have a certain understanding of tuberculosis, the timely treatment of indifference to the treatment of treatment is probably not impressed, very little knowledge of tuberculosis resistance.

AIM:R-spondin 2 (Rspo2), one member of R-spondin family which contains four secreted proteins , plays an important role in skeletal muscle development .However, the impact of Rspo2 on vascular smooth muscle cell ( SMC) differentiation is little known . This study aims at revealing the role and mechanism of Rspo 2 on SMC differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs).METHODS:A well-established model for studying SMC differentiation from ESCs were used , in which mouse embryonic stem cells ( ES-D3) were seeded on collagen IV-coated flasks and cultured in differentiation medium (DM) for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days.Smooth muscle specific markers, includingα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), SM22 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), were detected to in-sure the successful model by qRT-PCR and Western blot .After 3-day pre-differentiation, ESCs were treated with recombinant Rspo 2 protein, overexpression plasmid or shRNA plasmid for 96 h, and the mRNA and protein expression of smooth muscle markers was detected.To explore the role of Rspo2 on SMC differentiation in vivo, 3-day predifferentiated ESCs (106 in 50μLα-MEM) incubated with Rspo2-overexpression plasmid were mixed with 50 μL of Matrigel ( Becton Dickinson Labware ) and then subcutaneously injected into C57BL/6J mice.After 12 days, mice were sacrificed and the implants were harvested for immunofluorescence staining , qRT-PCR and Western blot.Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) and lucif-erase reporter assay were performed to investigate the transcriptional activity of SMC differentiation related transcription factors , inclu-ding serum response factor (SRF), myocardin (MYO), myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF-2C).Involvement of Rspo2 re-ceptor, leucine-rich repeat-containing, G-protein-coupled receptors (Lgr)4,5,6, and β-catenin pathway during Rspo2-induced MSC differentiation were also uncovered by overexpression or inhibition of the respective protein .RESULTS:Our results showed that Rspo 2 mRNA and protein expression was significantly and consistently increased during ESC differentiation towards SMCs .Recombinant Rs-po2 protein and enforced Rspo 2 expression in ESCs resulted in up-regulation of smooth muscle markers and transcription factors , while knockdown decreased the expression of these genes .Expectedly , Rspo2 overexpression also promotes SMC differentiation in vivo.
Mechanistically , our data showed that Rspo 2 could promote SRF binding to SM22 promoter region .Evidence also revealed that one of three Rspo2 receptors, LGR5, was up-regulated while the other two , LGR4 and LGR6, was down-regulated.Silencing of LGR5 inhibi-ted Rspo2-induced SMC differentiation, whereas knockdown of LGR4 had no impact.Finally, activation or inhibition of β-catenin could promote or inhibit SMC differentiation , respectively .CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate for the first time that Rspo 2 plays a positive role during smooth muscle cell differentiation from embryonic stem cells .We confirmed that Rspo 2 can up-regulate smooth muscle markers at transcription level .We also revealed Rspo promote smooth muscle cell differentiation through activation of LGR 5 re-ceptor and Wnt/β-catenin pathway .