97 baseball players from high school, universities and companies were subjected to this study in order to attempt to clarify the relationship between derangement of the elbow joint and lateral instabilitly by measuring various conventional parameters and the degree of lateral instability.
From the survey by questionnaire, 29 out of 97 players complained of elbow pain, paticularily on the medial side of the joint. The painful phases of the throwing motions were the acceleration phase (23 players, 61%) and release phase (7 players, 46%) . The hyperexten sion of the elbow on the dominant side was significantly smaller than that observed on the undominant side. X-ray examination revealed osteophyte formation at the tip of olecranon and medial joint space.
On the application of 63 kg⋅cm torque force, the varus deflection angle for the dominant side was 8.3° and that for the undominant side was 8.8°. The valgus angle for the dominant side was 12.2° and that for the undominant side was 10.8°. The varus stiffness (kg⋅cm/angle) was 9.5 for the dominant side and 8.4 for the undominant side. Valgus stiffness were 6.3 for the dominant side and 9.2 for the undominant side.
Thses results indicate that the lateral side become stiffer and medial side become looser in the dominant elbow than in the undominant one.
The unphysiological valgus stress at the acceleration phase would induce the osteophyte formation as well as the elongation of the medial collateral ligament on the medial side of the elbow. At the same time the impigement of the olecranon at follow through phase, would induce the osteophyte formation around the olecranon. Thses two factors would considerably influence the range of motion and the instability of the elbow joint.

BACKGROUND: Long-term management of bronchial asthma based on the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) value alone is not conclusive yet. Therefore, we combined FeNO testing and spirometry, a commonly used test in routine practice, to evaluate acute exacerbation and respiratory function in children with bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVE: We combined FeNO testing and spirometry, commonly used in routine practice, to evaluate acute exacerbations and respiratory function in children with bronchial asthma. METHODS: Subjects were school aged children 7 years and older with bronchial asthma who underwent FeNO testing in January 2015 to May 2016. We evaluated the changes in the frequency of acute exacerbations and respiratory function in the 30 subsequent months. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: those with initial FeNO levels ≥ 21 parts per billion (ppb) (high FeNO) and < 20 ppb (normal FeNO) groups. RESULTS: There were 48 children (33 boys) in the high FeNO group and 68 children (46 boys) in the normal FeNO group. Spirometry was conducted on 83 children (72%) prior to the initial FeNO test, revealing no difference in the ratio of detecting lung dysfunction between the 2 groups. The observation period was 25.8 ± 0.7 and 24.7 ± 0.6 months for the high and normal FeNO groups, respectively. The children in the high FeNO group with lung dysfunction in the initial FeNO test continued to exhibit lung dysfunction at the test at 30 months. In the normal FeNO group, even if lung dysfunction was observed at the initial FeNO, it improved within the 20-month point, and the improvement was maintained thereafter. CONCLUSION: Children with bronchial asthma with high FeNO levels and lung dysfunction are at a higher risk of prolonged lung dysfunction.
Asthma ; Child ; Humans ; Lung ; Nitric Oxide ; Spirometry

Background/Aims: Asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia (aEE) is considered to be a potential precursor of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). However, there are few clinical parameters that can be used to evaluate the disease. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the factors involved in the symptoms of EoE by examining the clinicopathological differences between aEE and EoE. Methods: We reviewed 41 patients with esophageal eosinophilia who underwent endoscopic ultrasonography and high-resolution manometry. They were divided into the aEE group (n=16) and the EoE group (n=25) using the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease score. The patients’ clinicopathological findings were collected and examined. Results: The median Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease score was 3.0 in the aEE group and 10.0 in the EoE group. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics, endoscopic findings and pathological findings. The cutoff value for wall thickening was 3.13 mm for the total esophageal wall thickness and 2.30 mm for the thickness from the surface to the muscular layer (total esophageal wall thickness: 84.0% sensitivity, 75.0% specificity; thickness from the surface to the muscular layer: 84.0% sensitivity, 68.7% specificity).The high-resolution manometry study was abnormal in seven patients (43.8%) in the aEE group and in 12 (48.0%) in the EoE group. The contractile front velocity was slower in the EoE group (p=0.026). Conclusions The esophageal wall thickening in the lower portion of the esophagus is an important clinical factors related to the symptoms in patients with EoE.