Objective To observe the effectiveness of alprostedil in treatment of diabetic nephropathy and the mechanism of the renal protection of the drug. Methods One hundred patients with diabetic nephropathy due to diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into 2 groups ,50 in treatment group ,and 50 as controls, alprostadil was used intravenously in the Treatment Group for 12 day while routine management of diabetes such as food intake control,physical exercises and oral drugs or injection of insulin was conducted in both of the 2 groups. Urinary albumin were employed for evaluation as well as the side-effects. Results By the end of the trial, urinary albumin was decreased significantly compared with those before intravenous alprostadil treatment or with those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Urinary albumin was decreased significantly after intravenous alprostadil. Therefore,it is a safe and effective drug in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

miRNA ( microRNA) is a small molecule, which is composed of about 20 nucleotides, and has been a hot research topic in recent years.Many studies indicated that the expression level of miRNA in tumor changed, which played a role in the differentiation and proliferation of tumor cells, as a function of oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.The occurrence and development of colon cancer is related to the abnormal expression of many genes, and the data shows that the abnormal expression of miRNA is closely related to the development of colon cancer.In this paper, the influence of miRNAs on the development of colon cancer and its relevant mechanism were collected, then the colon cancer occurrence, development and miRNA molecular mechanisms were studied, which provided a theoretical basis for the molecular target treatment of colon cancer.

Aim To explore the effects of hypertension on the contractibility of rat basilar artery and its inter-actions with the sodium pump activity.Methods The basilar artery was respectively isolated from Wistar and SHR rats,and the isometric tension of arterial rings was measured by Multi Myograph System-610M.The cont-ractibilities of arterial rings induced by KCl or 5-HT were compared between the basilar arteries of the two groups of rats to analyze the effect of hypertension on the cerebral vascular tension and the activity of sodium pump.Results In SHR rats,the concentration-re-sponse curves of the contraction of isolated basilar ar-tery rings induced by KCl and 5-HT were significantly shifted to right,and the relaxation of vascular tone in-duced by K+which was reintroduced from the external was attenuated compared with those in the WR.These results suggested that hypertension could significantly decrease the activity of the sodium pump and the con-tractile responses of KCl and 5-HT.OUA could con-tract the basilar artery in a concentration-dependent manner,and its concentration-response curve was opti-mally fitted by a two-site binding model:Kd was 1.7 ×10 -8 and 1.6 ×10 -5 mol·L-1,respectively.The results indicated that the two different function sodium pumps existed in the rat basilar artery:one with the high OUA affinity and the other with the low OUA af-finity.If the high and low affinity sodium pumps were inhibited by 5 ×10 -7 and 10 -4 mol · L-1 OUA,re-spectively,the concentration-response curves of KCl and 5-HT would shift to left in SHR rats but not in WR rats.It suggested that OUA could enhance the contrac-tion induced by KCl and 5-HT significantly,and a concentration-dependent effect was observed in the SHR vascular contraction induced by 5-HT (r =0.9393 ,P<0.05 ).When the two concentrations of OUA were applied,there was no significant difference in the shift left of the concentration-response curves in-duced by KCl in the SHR cerebral vessels.However, the marked difference was shown in the shift left in-duced by 5-HT.The results implied that only the high affinity sodium pump was involved in the contractile re-sponse of SHR cerebral vascular to KCl,whereas,the contractile response of SHR cerebral vascular to 5-HT was induced by both high and low affinity sodium pumps.Conclusion Hypertension could lower the contractile response of the basilar artery to vasocon-strictors,and the mechanism might relate to the de-creased sensitivity of the sodium pump induced by hy-pertension or the increased sensibility of the sodium pump to OUA.

Objective: To investigate the effects of miR-200a on the proliferation of lung cancer cells and to identify its direct target genes. Methods:Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the miR-200a expression in 15 paired clinical specimens of non-small cell lung cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissues, human lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCI-H520, and SK-MES-1), and one human normal lung bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). The effects of miR-200a on the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells were detected through CCK-8 method. The candidate target genes of miR-200a were identified by bioinformatics screening and then verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay, real-time PCR, and Western blot. The effects of YAP1 downregulation on the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cell line were also observed through CCK-8 method. Results:The miR-200a expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cell lines was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The upregulation of miR-200a expression could significantly inhibit the pro-liferation of A549 lung cancer cells (P<0.01). Dual luciferase reporter gene indicated that miR-200a could directly affect the 3′-untrans-lated region of the YAP1 gene to inhibit luciferase activity (P<0.01). Real-time PCR and Western blot revealed that the upregulation of miR-200a expression could significantly reduce the mRNA and protein expression levels of YAP1 in A549 lung cancer cells (P<0.01). CCK-8 method indicated that the downregulation of YAP1 could significantly prevent the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells (P<0.01). Conclusion:MiR-200a inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells by targeting YAP1. Thus, miR-200a elicits tumor suppression effects.

Objective To study the effect of scan position consistency on computer tomography-magnetic resonance (CT-MR) images automatic registration in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Fifteen patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were enrolled in this study and scanned with the same position to acquire CT images and MR-1 images. Then they were reacanned with different position for MR-2 images. Image registration of CT-MR-1 and CT-MR-2 was finished using mutual information method.The registration errors were evaluated by measuring the distances between marks. Results The error of au-tomatic CT-MR registration with consistent scan position was 1.32 nun, comparing with the minimum of 2.00 ram and the maximum of 3.83 mm with different positions. Conclusion Keeping consistent scan position can improve the accuracy of image registration.

Objective To investigate the related risk factors of bone cement leakage after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture.Methods A retrospective study was made on 108 patients (114 vertebrae) undergone PVP and PKP between January 2008 and June 2014.There were 32 patients with cement leakage and 76 patients without cement leakage.Between-group differences were analyzed in terms of gender,age,number of one-time treated vertebrae,anatomic dissection,surgical procedures (PKP or PVP),integrity of the posterior vertebral wall,puncture approaches (unilateral or bilateral),technical level of surgeons and bone cement volume.Results Bone cement leakage occurred in 36 vertebrae (with the proportion of 31.6％).Cement leakage was associated with number of one-time treated vertebrae,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and bone cement volume (P ＜ 0.05),but not with gender,age,anatomical site of injury,puncture approaches,and technical level of surgeons (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Bone cement leakage after PKP or PVP correlated with number of vertebrae with one-time therapy,surgical procedures,fractured condition,and volume of bone cement.A good master of technical procedures and indications and suitable injection of high viscosity bone cement can help reduce the incidence of cement leakage.

Objective To investigate the immunological effects of thymoglobulin (RATG) on human CD4+and CD8+cells for costimulatory molecule gene expression and the production ofimmune-regulatory cytokines. Methods CD4+and CI8+T cells were isolated and purified fromnormal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) followed by incubation with RATG at37℃. Cells and culture supematants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after incubation, and analyzedby real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CTLA-4, CD154, forkhead box P3(Foxp3), OX40, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10 and CD25 gene expression, and multiplex cytokine detectionassay for IFN-y, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-4 production. Untreated and rabbit isotype Ig-treated cells wereused as negative controls. Results RT-PCR demonstrated that RATG pre-treated CI+and CD8+cells upregulated the expression of CTLA-4, OX40, Foxp3, CD25, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-2 genes, anda dramatic increase of supernatant IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-2 and IL-4 was revealed 24 h after treatment asdetermined by multiplex cytokine detection assay when compared with negative controls. Theupre gulation of CTLA-4, Foxp3, OX40, IL-10 and CD25 was reduced, and a down-regulation ofCD154 and IL-2 gene expression was revealed 48 h after treatment. Cells, treated with RATG for 72h, demonstrated up-regulation of CTLA-4, Foxp3, OX40, IFN-y and CD25 gene expression, and theexpression of IL-2 and IL-10 genes was down-regulated. Additionally, supernatant IFN-γ, IL-2,IL-10 and IL-4 levels were decreased. Conclusion RATG stimulates CI4/CD8 T cells to up-regulatecostimulatory molecules and release immune regulation associated cytokines IF'N-γ, IL-2, IL-10in vitro. These results suggest that the unique effect of RATG on CD4+CD8+T cells may be animportant mechanism for its action in inducing immunoregulation, immunosuppression and transplanttolerance.

Objective To explore the expression and the role of monocyte-derived costimulatory molecuels during xenogeneic immune responses. Methods Porcine endothelial cells (PEC) were isolated from aorta, and subcultures were performed. CD4+ cells and monocytes were purified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC-PEC co-cultures were established, and the cells were collected followed by staining with florescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies and analyzing by FACS. In selected experiments, monoclonal antibodies specific for CD154, CD80 and CD86 were added into PBMC-PEC co-cultures, and the effects of co-stimulatory molecule blockade in inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation in response to PEC were determined by 3H-thymidine up-take. The proliferation of CD4+ cells induced by PEC-conditioned monocytes with or without co-stimulation blockade was evaluated. Results PBMC-PEC co-incubation demonstrated dramatic lymphocyte proliferation as determined by 3H-thymidine up-take. FACS found that resting monocytes expressed only CD86 but not CD40 and CD80. CD14+ monocytes from PEC-stimulated PBMC demonstrated up-regulation of CD80 and CD40 expression. The up-regulation of CD86 was revealed. PEC-activated monocytes induced CD4+ cell proliferation while resting monocytes did not and this proliferation was inhibited by anti-CD154, anti-CD80 or anti-CD86 antibodies. Conclusions CD14+ monocytes play an important role during xenogeneie immune responses in indirect antigen presentation and co-stimulation- The interaction between monocyte-derived co-stimulatory molecules and CD4+ cell-derived CD154 and CD28 delivers secondary signal and induces CD4+ proliferation, and the co-stimulation blockade inhibits xe-nogeneic cell-mediated immune responses.

Objective Delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) is a major barrier to the long-term xenograft survial.This study evaluated the interaction between human peripheral blood mononuelear cells (PBMC) and porcine endothelial cells (PEC),and the effects of new generation of rabbit antihuman leukocyte polyclonal antibody (newRALG) inhibiting xenogeneic cell-mediated immune responses.Methods newRALG was obtained from rabbits after immunization with activated lymphocytes and monoeytes.PEC were isolated from aorta,and human PBMC were isolated from peripheral blood.Co-cultures of PKH-26 labeled PEC with PBMC were established,newRALG,thymoglobulin,isotype Ig and scavenger receptor (SR) ligand poly G were added into the co-cultures.Cells were collected,then FACS analysis was carried out to detect the up-take of PEC membrane by monocytes and the expression of costimulatory molecules.Lymphocyte proliferative responses to PEC with or without antibody were evaluated by a xenogeneie mixed lymphocyte-endothelial cell reaction (xMLER).Results FACS analysis revealed that monocytes from PBMC-PEC co-cultures became positive for PKH-26 following their interaction with PKH-26 labeled PEC,indicating that they engulfed PEC membranes during activation.PKH-26 positive monocytes up-regulated the CD40 and CD80 expression.Furthermore,SR blockade with poly-G prevented PEC membrane up-take by monocytes,newRALG greatly reduced SR-mediated PEC membrane up-take.The effects of thymoglobulin in inhibiting PEC membrane uptake were limited.xMLER demonstrated strong lymphocyte proliferation in response to PEC,and lymphocyte proliferation was dramatically inhibited by newRALG but not isotype Ig at a dosmdependent manner.Conclusions Monocytes play an important role in xenogeneic immune responses.SR ligand poly G inhibits PEC membrane up-take.newRALG inhibits PEC membrane up-take by monocytes,suggesting that newRALG blocks SR.Additionally,newRALG inhibits lymphocyte proliferation in response to PEC.These results suggest that this new polyclonal preparation may thus impair the initiation of xeno-specific immune responses and prevent xenograft rejection.

Objectlve To assess the clinical effects and safety of intravitreal injection of conbercept and macular photocoagulation for non-ischemic macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Methods A total of 50 patients (50 eyes) with non-ischemic macular edema following BRVO were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into 2 groups:ICI group (26 eyes) received intravitreal injection of conbercept,laser group (24 eyes) received standard-of-care grid laser for macular edema.The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were observed before and 1 week,1 month,2 months and 3 months after treatment.Then,the changes in pre-treatment and post-treatment were compared,and the related complications were recorded.Results The difference of BCVA before treatment was not significant between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).BCVA at 1 week,1 month,2 months and 3 months after treatment in two groups were all improved,the differences were statistically significant compared with before treatment (all P ＜ 0.05),and the differences were statistically significant between two groups after treatment (all P ＜0.05).At 3 months after treatment,BCVA of 18 patients (69.23％) in ICI group and 8 patients (33.33％) in ICI group improved 2 lines.The difference of CMT before treatment was not significant between two groups (P ＞ 0.05),CMT at 1 week,1 month,2 months and 3 months after treatment in two groups were all decreased,the differences were statistically significant compared with before treatment (all P ＜ 0.05),and the differences were statistically significant between two groups after treatment (all P ＜0.05).13 eyes received repeat intravitreal injection in ICI group,including 2 eyes at 1 month,7 eyes at 2 months with CMT ＞250 μm,and 3 eyes at 3 months.No severe side effect related with drug and intravitreal injection occurred in the two groups.Conclusion Mean BCVA change and CMT change are significantly greater in the intravitreal injection of conbercept than the standard-of-care grid laser group for the macuiar edema secondary to non-ischemic BRVO.