RNAi is an efficient antiviral system, and viral gene-specific siRNAs are very promising antiviral inhibitors. However, many viruses have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms that interfere with both siRNA- and miRNA-guided silencing pathways. Deeper understanding the strategies exploited by viruses provides the basis for the development of effective RNAi-based therapies that prevent viral evading. Therefore, the latest progress on the strategies exploited by viruses for evading the RNAi is reviewed.

Objective To measure the organ weights , blood physiological and biochemical parameters , and immune cells of BALB/cA-nu mice .Methods BALB/cA-nu mice at five and ten weeks of age were selected , and the organ weights , blood physiological and biochemical parameters were observed .The percentages of CD 3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, B220+, NK1.1+, and CD11b+were detected by FCM in BALB/cA-nu mice at six weeks of age in terms of its T, B lymphocyte cells and NK cell activity .Results At the same age, the weights of the body , liver, and kidney in male mice are significantly higher than females .The HGB、MCH、HCT in male mice are significantly higher than females (P <0.05).The weights of the lung, liver, and kidney, and the parameters of TP、GLOB、CHO、TBIL、UN are significantly lower at five weeks of age comparing with ten weeks (P <0.05).The BALB/cA-nu mice lacks T cells(0.18 ±0.06)%、CD4+T cells(0.26 ±0.08)%、CD8+T cells(0.13 ±0.04)%、The percentage of B cells is CD19+B cells (30.10 ±2.74)% and B220 +B cells(30.55 ±2.77)%.The percentage of NK cells is (1.35 ±0.29)%, and the percentage of granulocytes is (47.90 ±5.48)%.The BALB/cA-nu mice lack T cells and the group of cells .Conclusion The study suggests that the organ weights , blood physiological and biochemical parameters are affected by age and gender in BALB/cA-nu mice that lack T cells immune function .The studied parameters of BALB/cA-nu mice are similar with the same strain in other countries .

Objective:To explore a new method of whole-process digital esthetic prosthodontic rehabilitation combined with periodontic surgery for complicated anterior teeth esthetic defects accompanied by soft tissue morphology,to provide an alternative choice for solving this problem under the guidance of three-dimensional (3 D) printing digital dental model and surgical guide,thus completing periodontic surgery and digital esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth.Methods:In this study,12 patients with complicated esthetic problems accompanied by soft tissue morphology in their anterior teeth were included.The dentition and facial images were obtained by intra-oral scanning and three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning and then calibrated.Two esthetic designs and prosthodontic outcome predictions were created by computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software combined with digital photography,including consideration of white esthetics and comprehensive consideration of pink-white esthetics.The predictive design of prostheses and the facial appearances of the two designs were evaluated by the patients.If the patients chose the design of comprehensive consideration of pink-white esthetics,they would choose whether they would receive periodontic surgery before esthetic rehabilitation.The dentition design cast of those who chose periodontic surgery would be 3D printed for the guide of periodontic surgery accordingly.Results:In light of the two digital designs based on intra-oral scanning,facing scanning and digital photography,the satisfaction rate of the patients was significantly higher for the comprehensive consideration of pink-white esthetic design (P ＜ 0.05) and more patients tended to choose priodontic surgery before esthetic rehabilitation.The 3 D printed digital dental model and surgical guide provided significant instructions for periodontic surgery,and achieved success transfer from digital design to clinical application.The prostheses were fabricated by CAD/CAM,thus realizing the whole-process digital esthetic rehabilitation.Conclusion:The new method for esthetic rehabilitation of complicated anterior teeth esthetic defects accompanied by soft tissue morphology,including patient-involved digital esthetic analysis,design,esthetic outcome prediction,3D printing surgical guide for periodontic surgery and digital fabrication is a practical technology.This method is useful for improvement of clinical communication efficiency between doctor-patient,doctor-technician and doctors from different departments,and is conducive to multidisciplinary treatment of this complicated anterior teeth esthetic problem.

OBJECTIVE: A failed electrocardiography (ECG)-trigger often leads to a long acquisition time (TA) and deterioration in image quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and optimize the technique of self-gated (SG) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for cardiac late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging of rats with myocardial infarction/reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance images of 10 rats were obtained using SG-LGE or ECG with respiration double-gating (ECG-RESP-gating) method at 7T to compare differences in image interference and TA between the two methods. A variety of flip angles (FA: 10°–80°) and the number of repetitions (NR: 40, 80, 150, and 300) were investigated to determine optimal scan parameters of SG-LGE technique based on image quality score and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). RESULTS: Self-gated late gadolinium enhancement allowed successful scan in 10 (100%) rats. However, only 4 (40%) rats were successfully scanned with the ECG-RESP-gating method. TAs with SG-LGE varied depending on NR used (TA: 41, 82, 154, and 307 seconds, corresponding to NR of 40, 80, 150, and 300, respectively). For the ECG-RESP-gating method, the average TA was 220 seconds. For SG-LGE images, CNR (42.5 ± 5.5, 43.5 ± 7.5, 54 ± 9, 59.5 ± 8.5, 56 ± 13, 54 ± 8, and 41 ± 9) and image quality score (1.85 ± 0.75, 2.20 ± 0.83, 2.85 ± 0.37, 3.85 ± 0.52, 2.8 ± 0.51, 2.45 ± 0.76, and 1.95 ± 0.60) were achieved with different FAs (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40°, respectively). Optimal FAs of 20°–30° and NR of 80 were recommended. CONCLUSION: Self-gated technique can improve image quality of LGE without irregular ECG or respiration gating. Therefore, SG-LGE can be used an alternative method of ECG-RESP-gating.
Animals ; Electrocardiography ; Gadolinium* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Rats* ; Respiration

Objective:Osteopontin(OPN)has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various stroke models.Its role in neuroinflammation after brain injury remains to be elucidated.This study aims to clarify the effect of OPN on neuroin-flammation,particularly on the functional states of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).Methods:Thirty rats were randomly divided into the following groups:Sham,SAH,and SAH+OPN.SAH rat model was prepared by secondary injection of autologous arterial blood,and OPN was given intranasally in the treatment group.Neurological function was evaluated by modified Garcia score.The degree of cerebral edema was evaluated by measuring brain water content.The expression of microglia activation markers CD86,inducable nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),CD206 and arginase 1(Arg-1)after SAH and OPN treatment was detected by RT-qPCR.The levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10,and IL-13 in cerebrospinal fluid were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results:Intranasal ad-ministration of OPN could improve the neurological dysfunction and cerebral edema in SAH rats.What's more,OPN could inhibit the expression of CD86,iNOS,IL-1β,and IL-6 in cerebral while promote the expression of CD206,Arg-1,IL-10,and IL-13.Conclusion:OPN alleviates the inflammatory response after SAH by inhibiting the polarization of microglia M1.

AIM: To compare the efficacy of different dosing regimens of conbercept in the treatment of pathological myopic choroidal neovascularization(CNV).METHODS: Prospective clinical study. Totally 42 patients(42 eyes)who were diagnosed with pathological myopic CNV in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 were selected in the study. According to two different initial dosing regimens, the patients were divided into 1+pro re nata(PRN)group, with 20 patients(20 eyes), and 3+PRN group with 22 patients(22 eyes). The patients in the 1+PRN group were given one intravitreal injection and then given PRN, the patients in the 3+PRN group were given intravitreal injection once a month for 3 mo and then given PRN. Followed-up for 12 mo after initial treatment, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT), CNV area and injection times were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: The BCVA was improved, CMT was decreased, and CNV area was reduced at 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo after the initial treatment(P<0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in BCVA, CMT and CNV area between two groups(P>0.05). The average injection in the 1+PRN group was significantly less than that of the 3+PRN group [2(1, 3)times vs 3(3, 4)times, P<0.05], but the average reinjection in the 1+PRN group was more than that of the 3+PRN group [1(0, 2)times vs 0(0, 1)times, P<0.05].CONCLUSION: Two regimens were both safe and effective in the treatment of pathological myopic CNV by Conbercept, which can improve BCVA, decrease CMT, and reduce CNV area, with less total times of injection in the 1+PRN regimen, and less times of reinjection in the 3+PRN regimen.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into precision echinococcosis control. Methods One or two quadrats, each measuring 50 m × 50 m, were randomly assigned in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Township, Yushu City, Qinghai Province on June 2023, respectively, and 300 plate-type mouse traps, each measuring 12.0 cm × 6.5 cm, were assigned in each quadrat. Small rodents were captured during the period between 10 : 00 and 18 : 00 each day for 4 days. Then, all captured small rodents were identified and dissected, and liver specimens with suspected Echinococcus infections were subjected to pathological examinations. The Echinococcus cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene was amplified using PCR assay, and the sequence of the amplified product was aligned to that was recorded in the GenBank to characterize the parasite species. In addition, a phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus was generated based on the cox1 gene sequence using the neighbor-joining method. Results A total of 236 small rodents were captured in Shanglaxiu and Longbao townships, Yushu City, including 65 Qinghai voles and 51 plateau pikas in Shanglaxiu Township, and 62 Qinghai voles and 58 plateau pikas in Longbao Township, and there was no significant difference in the constituent ratio of small rodents between the two townships (χ² = 0.294, P > 0.05). Seven plateau pikas and 12 Qinghai voles were suspected to be infected with Echinococcus by dissection, and pathological examinations showed unclear structure of hepatic lobules and disordered hepatocyte arrangement in livers of small rodents suspected of Echinococcus infections. PCR assay identified E. shiquicus DNA in 7 Qinghai voles, which were all captured from Shanglaxiu Township. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cox1 gene sequence of Echinococcus in small rodents was highly homologous to the E. shiquicus cox1 gene sequence reported previously. Conclusion Plateau pika and Qinghai vole were predominant small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, and E. shiquicus infection was detected in Qinghai voles.

Objective To investigate the population dynamics and Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human settlement in Yushu City, Qinghai Province. Methods Rodents were captured using the mouse trap method in pastures from Batang Township and Longbao Township of Yushu City, Qinghai Province on May, August and October, 2018. The body weight and snout-vent length of all captured rodents were measured, and the species was identified according to the rodent morphology. Genomic DNA was extracted from rodent liver specimens and lesion specimens, and the mitochondrial cox1 gene of Echinococcus was amplified using PCR assay for identification of parasite species. In addition, the tissue specimens positive for PCR assay were sampled for pathological examinations. The prevalence of Echinococcus infections was estimated in rodents, and a phylogenetic tree was created based on Echinococcus cox1 gene sequences. Results A total of 285 small rodents were captured, including 143 Ochotona curzoniae (50.2%), 141 Lasiopodomys fuscus (49.5%), and 1 Neodon irene (0.3%), and there was a remarkable variation in habitat selection among these three rodent species. The number of L. fuscus correlated positively with vegetation coverage (r = 0.350, P = 0.264), with the greatest number seen in August, and the number of O. curzoniae negatively with vegetation coverage (r = −0.371, P = 0.235), with the highest number seen in August and the lowest number in May. The female/male ratios of O. curzoniae and voles were 1:0.96 and 0.82:1, respectively. The body weight (r = 0.519, P < 0.01) and snout-vent length (r = 0.578, P < 0.01) of O. curzoniae showed a tendency towards a rise with month, while the body weight (r = −0.401, P < 0.01) and snout-vent length (r = −0.570, P < 0.01) of voles presented a tendency towards a reduction with month. No Echinococcus infection was detected in voles, while 2.1% prevalence of E. shiquicus infection was seen in O. curzoniae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed consistent sequences of cox1 gene from E. shiquicus in Yushu City of Qinghai Province and Shiqu County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Conclusions The small rodents around the human settlement in Yushu City of Qinghai Province mainly include O. curzoniae and L. fuscus, with the greatest numbers seen in May and August, respectively. Following the concerted efforts for echinococcosis control, the prevalence of Echinococcus infections is low in small rodents around the human settlement in Yushu City; however, there is still a risk of echinococcosis transmission.