Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with complex mechanisms that requires targeted precision medicine strategies. The growth of precision medicine is indispensable from the rapid development of genomics. However, genomics has certain limitations in molecular phenotype analysis, proteogenomics thus arose at the right time. Proteogenomics is the merging of proteomics and genomics. This review describes the limitations of genomic analysis and highlights the importance of proteogenomics to re-understand precision oncology from a proteogenomic perspective. In addition, the application of proteogenomics in precision oncology is briefly introduced, the related public data projects are described, and finally, the challenges that need to be addressed at this stage are proposed.
Humans ; Proteogenomics ; Precision Medicine ; Neoplasms/genetics* ; Proteomics ; Genomics

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of the water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum aqueous extract（ZBAE）on rheumatoid arthritis. MethodThe sixty SD rats were divided into normal group， model group ［complete Freund's adjuvant （CFA）， 10 mg·kg^-1］， methotrexate（MTX） group （0.25 mg·kg^-1）， low -， medium -， and high-dose ZBAE groups （90， 180， 360 mg·kg^-1）. The rats in MTX group were given intraperitoneal injection for two weeks， three times a week， and the rats in ZBAE group were administrated for 14 days. The swelling of the ankle joint and body weight were observed， and arthritis scores were also performed. Computed tomography （CT）， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and safranine-O and fast green staining were used to observe the effect of ZBAE on synovial hyperplasia and bone protection. Cell counting kit-8（CCK-8）method was used to detect the proliferation of the RA-FLSs cells treated with ZBAE. According to the results of CCK-8 experiment， the optimal concentration and time of administration were determined， blank group， low -， medium -， and high-dose ZBAE groups （0.08，0.10，0.12 g·L^-1） were set up. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were analyzed by flow cytometry，the migration ability of RA-FLSs cells was examined by scratch test. Western blot was used to detect the effect of ZBAE on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （Akt）， cyclin-dependent kinase 2 （CDK2）， Cyclin A and phosphorylated PI3K， Akt （p-PI3K，p-Akt） protein expression in RA-FLSs cells. ResultCompared with the normal group，joint swelling index and arthritis score were increased in the model group （P<0.05），the bone of the ankle was seriously damaged， and there was obvious synovial hyperplasia. Compared with the model group， the ZBAE group could significantly reduce the joint swelling index （P<0.05）， inhibit synovial hyperplasia and cartilage destruction. In vitro study showed that compared with the blank group， ZBAE could inhibit the migration of RA-FLSs （P<0.05）， promoted cell apoptosis （P<0.05）， and acted on RA-FLSs cells in S phase to inhibit cell proliferation. Moreover， the result of Western blot showed that compared with the blank group， the expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， CDK2 and Cyclin A proteins were significantly decreased in the high dose group of ZBAE （P<0.05）. ConclusionThese results suggest that ZBAE has a therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting synovial hyperplasia， promoting synovial apoptosis and inhibiting its migration.