Squamous cell carcinoma, which originates from squamous epithelium or tissue that undergoes squamous epithelial metaplasia, is one of the most common pathological types of solid human carcinoma. Although squamous cell carcinoma can occur in different anatomical locations, its pathogenesis has commonalities and distinctive features. Genetic mutations and abnormal expression of squamous differentiation markers, epigenetic modifications regulating target gene expression, and tumor microenvironment inducing immune escape of cancer cells are all involved in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. At present, great progress has been made in the research on the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. This article, combined with relevant research in recent years, reviews the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in terms of genome changes, epigenetic changes, non coding RNA regulation, tumor microenvironment changes and risk factor induction, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.

How to promote high-quality wound healing is a common problem for plastic surgery and burn physicians. In recent years, numerous animal studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote wound repair through multiple mechanisms and are promising cell-free therapeutic agents with broad prospect of application. How to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes, optimize their drug delivery strategy, and improve their biological properties are the challenges to be overcome in order to move from basic research to clinical application of exosome therapy for wound repair. This article focuses on methods to improve the wound repair potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, and reviews the recent research advances on improving the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in wound repair from three aspects, including pretreatment of parental mesenchymal stem cells, hydrogel bio-scaffold loaded with exosomes, and engineered exosomes, to provide a reference for further clinical studies.