Objective To compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF),con-centric-isometric-eccentric fast training(CIEFT),and concentric-isometric-eccentric slow training(CI-EST)in young adults with flexible flatfoot.Methods Forty participants were randomly allocated into a PNF group,a CIEFT group,a CIEST group and a control group,each of 10.The PNF,CIEFT and CIEST groups underwent six weeks of training as their group names indicated.Then the height differ-ence in the navicular drop test(NDt),normalized navicular height truncated(NNHt),muscle strength of ankle joint,plantar pressure distribution characteristics,and dynamic balance of all groups were re-corded before and after the intervention.Results As to the arch morphology,compared with pre-inter-vention,NDt decreased significantly in the dominant side of PNF group(P=0.049)and the non-domi-nant side of CIEFT group(P=0.034),while NNHt increased significantly in the non-dominant side of CIEFT group(P=0.026).Moreover,compared with pre-intervention,the muscle strength of plantar flex-ion increased significantly in all groups except the control group(dominant/non-dominant side:P=0.003/P=0.004,P=0.000/P=0.000,P=0.001/P=0.001),and that of inversion increased significantly in both PNF and CIEFT groups(dominant/non-dominant side:P=0.011/P=0.005,P=0.003/P=0.003).When it comes to the plantar pressure distribution characteristics,after the intervention,in the non-dominant side,the incremental center of pressure(COP)connections decreased significantly in CIEFT group(P=0.037),while the ratio of medial arch load and the contact area of the medial arch in PNF group de-creased significantly(P=0.012,P=0.027).Moreover,in the dominant side,the contact area decreased significantly in CIEST group(P=0.038),but increased significantly in the control group(P=0.015).What's more,after intervention,the Y-balance test score increased significantly in both sides of PNF and CIEST groups and the dominant side of CIEFT group(P=0.006/P=0.023,P=0.001/P=0.035,P=0.011).Conclusion Through a 6-week exercise intervention,PNF can improve the foot arch morphology and enhance dynamic balance ability in young adults with flexible flatfoot,while concentric-isometric-eccen-tric fast and slow training is superior in improving the foot arch morphology and the dynamic balance ability,respectively.

Objective:To investigate the concern about pollen broadcasting in Chinese population from multiple dimensions and to understand the information about allergic rhinitis (AR) in China by analyzing related factors.Methods:From March 1 to September 30, 2022, a large-scale multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted based on the Questionnaire Star platform in 21 Chinese hospitals. A total of 7 056 subjects from 7 regions in China: Northeast, North, East, Central, South, Southwest, and Northwest China were included. Basic characteristics (including social demographic characteristics and disease characteristics of AR patients), concern about pollen broadcasting, the willingness of pollen-induced AR (PiAR) patients to receive pollen broadcasting, and the treatment satisfaction rate of AR patients were collected. The chi-square test, multivariate linear regression model, and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the concern about pollen broadcasting in the Chinese population and related factors from multiple dimensions.Results:Among 7 056 subjects, 23.02% were concerned about pollen broadcasting. Among 3 176 self-reported AR and 1 019 PiAR patients, 25.60% and 39.16% were concerned about pollen broadcasting, respectively, which was higher than that of non-AR or non-PiAR subjects ( χ2 value was 21.74 and 175.11, respectively, both P<0.001). Among AR patients, the proportion of spring and autumn allergen-positive patients concerned about pollen broadcasting was higher than that in perennial allergen-positive patients ( χ2 value was 20.90 and 19.51, respectively, both P<0.001). The proportion of AR patients with asthma, sinusitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was higher than those without complications ( χ2 value was 50.83, 21.97, 56.78, 7.62, respectively, all P<0.05). The proportion of AR patients in North China who could find pollen broadcasting locally was 31.01%, significantly higher than those in other regions (all P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression model analysis showed that among PiAR patients, those with higher per capita household income and higher AR disease cognition levels had been concerned about pollen broadcasting in the past, and those complicated with allergic conjunctivitis had stronger intention to receive pollen broadcasting (B value was 0.24, 0.13, 0.66, 0.47, respectively, all P<0.05). The higher the disease cognition level of PiAR patients, the stronger their willingness to actively participate in treatment ( R2=0.72, P<0.001). Only 18.89% of AR patients felt satisfied with the treatment effect. Logistic regression analysis showed that in AR patients, the treatment satisfaction rate was significantly higher among those concerned about pollen broadcasting compared to those who were not ( OR=1.83, P<0.001). Conclusions:Currently, the dissemination of pollen broadcasting in China is hindered by various factors such as disease cognition level. The treatment satisfaction among AR patients remains unsatisfactory.

Background Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level is not appropriate for evaluating the risk of non-steady noise exposure, and need to be corrected by noise time-domain structure, but the correction method and its applicability need to be discussed. Objective To validate the application of the kurtosis-adjusted normalization of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level to a normal 8 h working day ( L_{Aeq,8 h}) in assessing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), and to improve the methods for assessing occupational hearing loss associated with different types of noise. Methods Audiometric and shift-long noise exposure data were acquired from a population(n=2 466) of screened workers exposed to noise between 70 dB(A) and 95 dB(A) from 6 industries in China. The cohort data were collapsed into 1 dB(A) bins, and the average kurtosis and noise-induced permanent threshold shifts at 3 kHz, 4 kHz, and 6 kHz (NIPTS₃₄₆) within 1 dB(A) were calculated respectively. According to the existing correction method, the adjustment coefficient λ was calculated by multiple regression, and L_{Aeq,8 h} was corrected by λ (L'_{Aeq,8 h}). The entire cohort was divided into K₁ (≤10; steady noise), K₂ (10~50; non-steady noise), and K₃ (＞50; non-steady noise) groups based on mean kurtosis levels. Predicted NIPTS₃₄₆ was calculated using the ISO 1999 model for each participant and the actual measured NIPTS₃₄₆ was corrected for age and gender. The underestimated NIPTS₃₄₆ was the difference between the values of estimated NIPTS₃₄₆ and the corresponding actual NIPTS₃₄₆. To validate the applicability of L′_{Aeq,8 h} in evaluating NIHL, the correlation between L′_{Aeq,8 h} and HFNIHL, and the mean difference between real NIPTS₃₄₆ and estimated NIPTS₃₄₆ were analyzed. Results The adjustment coefficient λ was determined at 5.43. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the relationship between L'_{Aeq,8 h} and HFNIHL increased from 6.6% to 9.6% after the kurtosis adjustment. The DRR of L_{Aeq,8 h} and HFNIHL showed that the percentage of HFNIHL decreased after the adjustment of kurtosis in the non-steady noise groups, and the regression lines of the non-steady noise groups approached that of the steady noise group. The R² of the K₂ group increased from 0.935 3 to 0.986 3, and the R ² of the K₃ group increased from 0.905 6 to 0.951 6. Under the un-adjusted condition, the NIPTS₃₄₆ underestimation for the K₃ group was significantly higher than that for the steady noise group (t=−3.23, P=0.001). After the L_{Aeq,8 h} was adjusted by kurtosis, the NIPTS₃₄₆ underestimation decreased significantly in the three kurtosis groups (K₁: t=6.78, P＜0.001; K₂: t=14.31, P＜0.001; K₃: t=11.06, P＜0.001). There was no significant difference in the degree of underestimation between the three kurtosis groups (K₁ vs K₂: t=−0.22, P=0.830; K₁ vs K₃: t=−1.40, P=0.205) as the curves of the three kurtosis groups were nearly overlapped. Conclusion The kurtosis-adjusted L_{Aeq,8 h} can effectively estimate the hearing loss associated with non-steady state noise.