ObjectiveThis paper aims to clarify the material basis of Gualou Niubangtang and establish a quantitative analysis method for its main constituents， providing a reference for the overall quality control of this preparation. MethodsThe constituents in the formula were systematically characterized based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Identification was performed by matching with the UNIFI 9.6 software and utilizing database platforms such as PubChem， ChemicalBook， and ChemSpider， combined with relevant literature reports. A quantitative analysis method for the seven main constituents in Gualou Niubangtang was established by using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. ResultsUPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 155 constituents， including 69 flavonoids， 36 terpenoids， 23 phenylpropanoids， 8 phenylethanoid glycosides， and 19 other types of constituents. In the established quantitative analysis method， the seven main constituents showed good linearity within their respective linear ranges. The precision， repeatability， stability， and spike recovery all met the required standards. The results showed that the content ranges of geniposide， liquiritin， hesperidin， arctiin， baicalin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucuronide， and wogonoside in 15 batches of Gualou Niubangtang were 13.67-21.25， 1.20-7.64， 5.45-7.45， 22.97-33.51， 29.95-39.07， 2.58-4.80， and 6.56-9.31 mg·g^-1， respectively. ConclusionThis study successfully characterizes and attributes multi-category constituents in Gualou Niubangtang， clarifying that its material basis is primarily composed of flavonoids， terpenoids， phenylethanoid glycosides， and phenylpropanoids. Furthermore， it enables the quantification of seven constituents within the formula. This work lays a foundation for research on the quality control， action mechanism， and clinical application of this formula.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the development and current status of medication education in domestic medical institutions， aiming to provide reference and suggestions for better development of medication education. METHODS The online questionnaire survey was conducted in March 2023 to investigate the implementation of medication education in medical institutions at all levels nationwide； descriptive analysis and influencing factors analysis were conducted. RESULTS A total of 1 368 questionnaires were recycled， 1 304 of which were effective questionnaires， with the effective rate of 95.32%. The average rate of providing medication education was 73.62% in medical institutions nationwide， 76.05%， 67.68% and 73.76% respectively in Eastern， Central and Western regions， 87.11%， 60.57% and 46.32% respectively in tertiary， secondary and primary medical institutions. The commonest place and way of carrying out medication education were dispensing window and oral instructions， and both were more diverse in tertiary medical institutions， compared with second and primary medical institutions. The median annual service volume of medication education in medical institutions PUMCH-A- at all levels was 500 people； the higher the level of medical institutions， the larger the annual service volume of medication education （P＝0.023）. More than half of medical institutions didn’t have any form of compensation for medication education， which was mostly reflected in the workload of medical institutions with compensation. Grade of medical institutions， degree of information and automation were the major influencing factors of carrying out medication education. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of carrying out medication education is improved in the central region in China in recent years， compared with 2019； while that of primary institutions in all regions is at a low level and should be improved. The place of carrying out medication education should be set according to the characteristics of medical institutions， and medication education forms should be enriched as much as possible. The quantity and quality of medication education talents still need to be improved. Compensation for pharmaceutical care should be continually explored and implemented to prompt high-quality and sustainable development of medication education.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the development and current status of medication education in domestic medical institutions， aiming to provide reference and suggestions for better development of medication education. METHODS The online questionnaire survey was conducted in March 2023 to investigate the implementation of medication education in medical institutions at all levels nationwide； descriptive analysis and influencing factors analysis were conducted. RESULTS A total of 1 368 questionnaires were recycled， 1 304 of which were effective questionnaires， with the effective rate of 95.32%. The average rate of providing medication education was 73.62% in medical institutions nationwide， 76.05%， 67.68% and 73.76% respectively in Eastern， Central and Western regions， 87.11%， 60.57% and 46.32% respectively in tertiary， secondary and primary medical institutions. The commonest place and way of carrying out medication education were dispensing window and oral instructions， and both were more diverse in tertiary medical institutions， compared with second and primary medical institutions. The median annual service volume of medication education in medical institutions PUMCH-A- at all levels was 500 people； the higher the level of medical institutions， the larger the annual service volume of medication education （P＝0.023）. More than half of medical institutions didn’t have any form of compensation for medication education， which was mostly reflected in the workload of medical institutions with compensation. Grade of medical institutions， degree of information and automation were the major influencing factors of carrying out medication education. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of carrying out medication education is improved in the central region in China in recent years， compared with 2019； while that of primary institutions in all regions is at a low level and should be improved. The place of carrying out medication education should be set according to the characteristics of medical institutions， and medication education forms should be enriched as much as possible. The quantity and quality of medication education talents still need to be improved. Compensation for pharmaceutical care should be continually explored and implemented to prompt high-quality and sustainable development of medication education.

Objective:To investigate value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)in predicting ischemic-type biliary lesions(ITBLs)in patients with thickened hilar bile duct wall at early stage after liver transplantation.Methods:A total of 45 patients,who underwent liver transplantation at the Liver Transplantation Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from June 25,2020 to December 28,2022,and occurred hilar bile duct wall thickening at early stage after surgery,were prospectively included.CEUS was performed on biliary tract when the thickened hilar bile duct wall was first detected by routine ultrasound,and the enhanced mode of duct wall at each phase was recorded.Subsequently,according to the results of cholangiography,these patients were divided into ITBLs group(15 cases)and non-ITBLS group(30 cases).The enhanced degree of each phase of CEUS of two groups was qualitatively analyzed and compared,and the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS for ITBLs after liver transplantation was evaluated.Results:There were no significant differences in source of liver donor,biliary anastomosis,autoimmune liver disease,hepatic artery occlusion(HAO),rejection,cytomegalovirus infection and cholangitis between the two groups(P>0.05).The compared results of the enhanced mode of CEUS at arterial phase between the two groups indicated that 25 patients(83.3%)were hyper-enhancement,and 5 patients(16.7%)were iso-enhancement,and 0 patient was hypo-enhancement or non-enhancement in non-ITBLS group.The compared results also indicated that 3 patients(20.0%)were hyper-enhancement,and 4 patients(26.7%)were iso-enhancement,and 8 patients(53.3%)were hypo-enhancement or non-enhancement in ITBLs group.The difference of above results between the two groups was statistically significant(x2=22.946,P<0.000).There was no significant difference between the two groups in the enhanced mode at the late phase(P>0.05).The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positively predictive value and negatively predictive value of the prompted hypo-enhancement or non-enhancement at arterial phase of CEUS on biliary tract were respectively 84.4%,53.3%,100%,100%and 84.4%in diagnosing ITBLs.For 8 patients who were diagnosed as ITBLs by CEUS,the diagnostic time of CEUS for ITBLs was 1 to 6 months[3.0(1-5)months]ahead of that of cholangiography.Conclusion:CEUS can more accurately predict ITBLs before the biliary tract occurs significant morphological change,which can significantly advance the diagnostic time for ITBLs.

Oral microbial community, as an important part of human microbial community, is closely related to oral and general health. Oral microbiological research has become the forefront of international microbiological research. Standardized and unified nomenclature for oral microorganisms in Chinese is of great significance to support the development of oral medicine research. Standardized translation of microbial names is the basis for writing canonical and authoritative professional textbooks and reference books, which helps students to accurately acquire the characteristics and classifications of oral microbes. Unified translation of oral microorganisms is also conducive to academic communication and cooperation, and plays an important role in oral health education and science popularization, which enables oral microbiology knowledge to be accurately disseminated to the public. Therefore, in order to standardize the words in scientific research, funding application, publications, academic exchanges and science popularization within the field of oral medicine, we have fully discussed and revised the Chinese names of oral microorganisms in 2017 edition and ones of newly discovered oral microbes, finally reaching a consensus to form the 2023 edition of Chinese names of oral microorganisms.

【Objective】 To explore the mediating effect of different organizational climate on volunteer service motivation and work engagement among volunteers during the COVID-19 epidemic. 【Methods】 The Volunteer Service Motivation Scale, Organizational Climate Scale, and Work Input Scale were used to investigate relevant contents among volunteers from Shaanxi, Hubei and Henan provinces who participated in prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic by convenient sampling method. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to explore the correlation among volunteer service motivation, organizational climate and work engagement. The Bootstrap method was used to analyze the mediating role of organizational climate between volunteer service motivation and work engagement. 【Results】 The scores of volunteer service motivation, organizational climate, and work engagement of the 834 volunteers were 72.45±13.66, 24.03±4.65, and 51.59±10.04, respectively. Volunteer service motivation was positively correlated with work engagement (r=0.556, P<0.001) and organizational climate (r=0.604, P<0.001). Organizational climate was positively correlated with work engagement (r=0.632, P<0.001). Organizational climate played a mediating role between volunteer service motivation and work engagement (effect value=0.278, accounting for 47.0% of the total effect). 【Conclusion】 Volunteer service motivation indirectly affects work engagement through organizational climate, indicating that volunteer team managers can improve their work engagement level by improving the organizational climate.

【Objective】 To explore the relationship between chronic comorbidity and the physical and mental health of relatives of elderly people during the nursing home confinement, and to analyze the mediating effects of perceived stress and intolerance of uncertainty in this context. 【Methods】 A total of 568 family members of elderly people in nine elderly institutions in Shaanxi Province were selected. The survey included the short version of the Perceived Stress Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, and The World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index. The data were analyzed with Stata for correlation and mediation effects. 【Results】 ① The comorbidities of chronic diseases was positively correlated with the perceived stress (r=0.16, P<0.001) and intolerance of uncertainty (r=0.11, P=0.006) of the family members, but negatively correlated with the physical and mental health of the family members (r=-0.13, P=0.002). ② The mediating effect of perceived stress between chronic disease co-morbidity and physical and mental health of family members in older adults was -0.023, accounting for 18.8% of the total effect; the mediating effect of intolerance of uncertainty between chronic disease co-morbidity and physical and mental health of family members in older adults was -0.041, accounting for 33.5% of the total effect. 【Conclusion】 During closed management in a nursing facility, the physical and mental health of family members of older adults with chronic co-morbidities is poorer than that of family members of non-chronic co-morbidities. And it can lead to a decline in physical and mental health of family members through increased perceived stress and intolerance of uncertainty.

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR), dominates the innate and adaptive immunity regulating many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Atherosclerosis is proved as an inflammatory disease, and inflammatory events involved in the entire process of initiation and deterioration. However, the contribution of TLR3 to atherosclerosis remains unclear. Herein, we identified the clinical relevance of TLR3 upregulation and disease processes in human atherosclerosis. Besides, activation of TLR3 also directly led to significant expression of atherogenic chemokines and adhesion molecules. Conversely, silencing TLR3 inhibited the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages and significantly reduced foam cell formation. Given the aberrance in TLR3 functions on atherosclerosis progression, we hypothesized that TLR3 could serve as novel target for clinical atherosclerosis therapy. Therefore, we developed the novel ellipticine derivative SMU-CX24, which specifically inhibited TLR3 (IC₅₀ = 18.87 ± 2.21 nmol/L). In vivo, atherosclerotic burden was alleviated in Western diet fed ApoE^-/- mice in response to SMU-CX24 treatment, accompanying notable reductions in TLR3 expression and inflammation infiltration within atherosclerotic lesion. Thus, for the first time, we revealed that pharmacological downregulation of TLR3 with specific inhibitor regenerated inflammatory environment to counteract atherosclerosis progression, thereby proposing a new strategy and probe for atherosclerosis therapy.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant chronic disease of childhood and a rising public health burden worldwide. ECC may cause a higher risk of new caries lesions in both primary and permanent dentition, affecting lifelong oral health. The occurrence of ECC has been closely related to the core microbiome change in the oral cavity, which may be influenced by diet habits, oral health management, fluoride use, and dental manipulations. So, it is essential to improve parental oral health and awareness of health care, to establish a dental home at the early stage of childhood, and make an individualized caries management plan. Dental interventions according to the minimally invasive concept should be carried out to treat dental caries. This expert consensus mainly discusses the etiology of ECC, caries-risk assessment of children, prevention and treatment plan of ECC, aiming to achieve lifelong oral health.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/prevention & control* ; Dental Caries Susceptibility ; Humans ; Oral Health

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic and progressive arterial disease. It is an important cause of the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), TCM has many advantages in the therapy of AS, with less adverse reactions. Studies have shown that TCM can resist AS, and the mechanism mainly belongs to regulating lipid metabolism, anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, and protecting the structure and function of vascular endothelial cells. The mechanism of TCM for AS is warranted to be studied systematically, and the chemical components need to be further clarified.