China ; Humans ; Pathology ; trends

OBJECTIVE:To improve the teaching quality of pharmaceutical standard training. METHODS: By introducing the overview of adopting elicitation teaching in the pharmaceutical standard training in Beijing,the training effect was summarized and role and significance were studied. RESULTS:Supervisors applied five teaching modules in the elicitation teaching in the pharmaceu-tical standard training which are concluded“pharmaceutical education and rational use of medicine”“comments of prescription and rational use of medicine”“prescription transfers and rational use of medicine”“medicine counseling and rational use of medicine”“pharmaceutically communication and rational use of drugs medicine”,the result showed that participants had mastered more than 90%of what they had learned;with 92.5%of participants felt elicitation teaching could help improve students’interests in pharma-cy,and strengthen responsibility;80.0% of the participants believed that part of the modules strengthen the training of clinical think-ing;the training of satisfaction to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The elicitation teaching mode can not only improve the teaching quality in pharmaceutical standard training,but also strengthen communication and feedback between teachers and students,students and students to make students more deeply understand and master knowledge and improve teaching quality.

PURPOSETo explore the impact of subtropical maritime monsoon climate on the frequency of ambulance use for trauma patients in a coastal region in China.

METHODStatistical analysis of data on ambulance use from the 120 Emergency Command Center in Shantou City, Guangdong Province, from January to December 2012 as well as daily meteorological data from a Shantou observatory was performed to determine how climatic factors (seasons, time, and weather) affect the frequency of ambulance use for trauma patients.

RESULTSThe daily ambulance use for trauma patients differed between spring and summer or autumn (p<0.05), between sunny and rainy days (p<0.05), and between cloudy and lightly or moderately rainy days (p<0.05).We found a linear correlation between daily maximum temperature and daily ambulance use for trauma patients (R² =0.103, p<0.05). In addition, there was significant difference in ambulance use between good and bad weather (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONFrequency of ambulance use for trauma patients is affected by the subtropical maritime monsoon climate in the coastal region. Better weather contributes to increased daily frequency of ambulance use, which is the highest in autumn and lowest in spring.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor β1( TGF-β1) type Ⅰ receptor kinase inhibitor SB431542 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition( EMT) induced by paraquat in type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells A549. METHODS: A549 cells were randomly divided into control group,paraquat group and TGF-β1 blockade group,with3 samples in each group. The cells in the control group were cultured without any treatment,cells in paraquat group were stimulated by paraquat of a final concentration of 20 μmol/L,cells in TGF-β1 blockade group were treated with paraquat with a final concentration of 20 μmol/L and SB431542 with a final concentration of 20 μg/L. After 5 days,cultured cells were harvested and observed for morphologic and phenotypic characteristics using inverted phase contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope. Cell migration was assayed by Transwell chamber. The expression of target protein was detected by Western blot. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the TGF-β1 levels. RESULTS: Under inverted phase contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope,A549 cells in control group grew normally,cells in paraquat group changed from epithelial morphology to mesenchymal morphology,cells in TGF-β1 blockade group reversed to epithelial cell morphology. The results of cell migration showed that the number of cells in the paraquat group passed through the membrane was higher than that in the control group and TGF-β1 blockade group( P < 0. 05). The relative expression of E-cadherin and zonula occluden-1 in paraquat group was decreased( P < 0. 05),while the relative expression of vimentin,α-smooth muscle actin,type I collagen,the phosphorylation Smad and Mad related protein( p-Smad) 2 and p-Smad3 was elevated( P < 0. 05),compared to control group and TGF-β1 blockade group. The levels of total TGF-β1 and active TGF-β1 increased in paraquat group than that in control group( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: Paraquat induced EMT in A549 cells by activating TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway. Early treatment with SB431542 can inhibit paraquatinduced EMT by blocking TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is the most common clinical chronic liver disease with a global incidence of about 25%, which could progress to liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and posing a serious threat to human health. At present, China has not approved any therapeutic drugs for marketing, and the research and development of new drugs is imminent. It is difficult to achieve great efficacy with a single medication due to the complex mechanism of NAFLD. The combination of several drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms is an inevitable trend for the future treatment of NAFLD, which is expected to reduce the adverse effects of the drug and play a synergistic effect to produce better efficacy. This paper reviews the latest clinical research progress of NAFLD combined drugs, so as to provide a reference for the subsequent new drug development and clinical rational drugs application of NAFLD.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exhibits superior biological functions by improving periodontal inflammation, promoting the migration and proliferation of periodontal-related stem cells, promoting the formation of blood vessels and periodontal ligament-like tissue, and regulating the formation of bone/cementum. It plays an important role in tooth development, repair and regeneration. bFGF can be combined with seed cells and scaffold materials for periodontal tissue regeneration, which has been verified in a number of experimental studies. However, the application of bFGF alone as a drug in clinical treatment requires further research.

Objective:To investigate frequency and function of peripheral CD4+CD28-T cells in immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)patients,to deeply understand pathogenesis of ITP.Methods:A total of 30 ITP patients treated in The Second Affiliated Hospi-tal of Dalian Medical University from January 2021 to June 2022 were recruited,and 30 gender/age-matched healthy volunteers were served as control group.Peripheral anticoagulation was collected and mononuclear cells(PBMC)were extracted,frequencies and func-tions of CD4+CD28-T cells in PBMC was analyzed by flow cytometry,plasma levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP in ITP patients were detected by ELISA,and frequencies of CD4+CD28-T cells before and after treated with IL-18 were determined by flow cytometry.Results:Frequencies of CD4+CD28-T cells in peripheral blood of ITP patients were significantly higher than that of healthy control group,and CD4+CD28-T cells had a stronger ability to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α;level of IL-18 was higher in plasma from ITP patients;IL-18 could increase frequency of CD4+CD28-T cells in PBMC of ITP patients.Conclusion:Frequency of CD4+CD28-T cells in peripheral blood of ITP patients is significantly increased,and has stronger ability to secrete inflammatory factors.

Objective:To explore the impact of sleep disorders on the therapeutic effects of different inhaled medications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:A prospective observational study was conducted on 393 patients with stable COPD who visited the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from December 2020 to September 2021. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the sleep quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and patients were divided into a non sleep disorder group and a sleep disorder group. The Berlin questionnaire was used to assess the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in patients, and the hospital anxiety and depression questionnaire (HADS) was used to assess the presence of anxiety and depression in patients. The improvement of symptoms [minimum clinically significant difference (MCID)] and the deterioration of symptoms [clinical significant symptom deterioration (CID)] within six months of patient follow-up were evaluated. The moderate to severe acute exacerbation of the patient was recorded during the one-year follow-up period. The clinical characteristics of two groups of patients were compared, and multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the impact of sleep disorders on the treatment efficacy of different inhaled drugs.Results:The average age of 393 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was (62.9±8.3)years old, with a median percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1%) of 53.7%(30.7%) and a mean PSQI score of (5.7±3.4)points. 186 cases (47.3%) of patients had sleep disorders. Compared with patients in the non sleep disorder group, patients in the sleep disorder group had a higher proportion of middle school education and below, lower FEV 1 and FEV 1/forced vital capacity (FVC), higher baseline COPD Assessment Test (CAT), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) scores, and a higher proportion of comorbid anxiety (all P<0.05). Compared with patients without sleep disorders, patients with sleep disorders had a lower incidence of MCID ( P=0.030) and a higher incidence of CID ( P=0.005). During the one-year follow-up period, patients with sleep disorders experienced a higher proportion of moderate to severe acute exacerbation ( P=0.001), severe acute exacerbation ( P=0.003), and frequent acute exacerbation ( P=0.009). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that patients with sleep disorders had a lower likelihood of developing MCID ( OR: 0.288, 95% CI: 0.145-0.379, P<0.001), and an increased risk of developing CID ( OR: 3.150, 95% CI: 2.011-4.388, P<0.001) and acute exacerbation ( OR: 1.659, 95% CI: 1.162-2.368, P=0.005). Compared with patients using long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)+ long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), patients in the sleep disorder group who used LABA+ LABA were more likely to develop MCID ( OR: 1.420, 95% CI: 1.021-2.751, P=0.010; OR: 1.976, 95% CI: 1.123-2.227, P=0.023). Conclusions:Compared with patients without sleep disorders, COPD patients with sleep disorders have a lower likelihood of symptom improvement, and a higher risk of symptom deterioration and acute exacerbation.Patients with COPD with sleep disorders are more likely to achieve symptom improvement by using LABA+ LAMA.

In recent years , there are increasing articles concerning Epstein-Barr virus associated lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV+LPD), and the name of EBV +LPD is used widely.However,the meaning of EBV+LPD used is not the same , which triggered confusion of the understanding and obstacles of the communication.In order to solve this problem.Literature was reviewed with combination of our cases to clarify the concept of EBV +LPD and to expound our understanding about it .In general, it is currently accepted that EBV +LPD refers to a spectrum of lymphoid tissue diseases with EBV infection , including hyperplasia , borderline lesions , and neoplastic diseases .According to this concept , EBV+LPD should not include infectious mononucleosis ( IM ) and severe acute EBV infection ( EBV +hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, fatal IM, fulminant IM, fulminant T-cell LPD), and should not include the explicitly named EBV+lymphomas ( such as extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma , aggressive NK cell leukemia , Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma , etc.) either.EBV +LPD should currently include: ( 1 ) EBV +B cell-LPD:lymphomatoid granulomatosis , EBV +immunodeficiency related LPD , chronic active EBV infection-B cell type, senile EBV +LPD, etc.(2) EBV +T/NK cell-LPD:CAEBV-T/NK cell type, hydroa vacciniforme, hypersensitivity of mosquito bite, etc.In addition, EBV+LPD is classified, based on the disease process , pathological and molecular data , as 3 grades:grade1, hyperplasia ( polymorphic lesions with polyclonal cells ); grade 2, borderline ( polymorphic lesions with clonality ); grade 3, neoplasm (monomorphic lesions with clonality).There are overlaps between EBV +LPD and typical hyperplasia, as well as EBV+LPD and typical lymphomas .However , the most important tasks are clinical vigilance , early identification of potential severe complications , and treating the patients in a timely manner to avoid serious complications , as well as the active treatment to save lives when the complications happened .

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem that causes major illnesses and disabilities worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of AR has increased progressively over the last few decades in more developed countries and currently affects up to 40% of the population worldwide. Likewise, a rising trend of AR has also been observed over the last 2–3 decades in developing countries including China, with the prevalence of AR varying widely in these countries. A survey of self-reported AR over a 6-year period in the general Chinese adult population reported that the standardized prevalence of adult AR increased from 11.1% in 2005 to 17.6% in 2011. An increasing number of original articles and imporclinical trials on the epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, management and comorbidities of AR in Chinese subjects have been published in international peer-reviewed journals over the past 2 decades, and substantially added to our understanding of this disease as a global problem. Although guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Chinese subjects have also been published, they have not been translated into English and therefore not generally accessible for reference to non-Chinese speaking international medical communities. Moreover, methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in China have not been standardized entirely and some patients are still treated according to regional preferences. Thus, the present guidelines have been developed by the Chinese Society of Allergy to be accessible to both national and international medical communities involved in the management of AR patients. These guidelines have been prepared in line with existing international guidelines to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AR in China.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; China ; Comorbidity ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Diagnosis* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis, Allergic*