To explore the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function in school children aged 8-10 years,adults,pregnant women,and lactating women in China,in order to provide reference for the prevention and monitoring of thyroid disease.Healthy 8-10 years old school children (693 cases),adults (698 cases),pregnant women(325 cases),and lactating women(332 cases) from six iodine sufficient areas were enrolled.Serum TSH,FT4,and FT3 were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay,while antithyroid antibody by radioimmunoassay.The positive rate of thyroid autoantibodies in females was significantly higher than that in the male (5.6％ vs 2.0％ in school children,and 22.8％ vs 3.2％ in adults) ; while positive rate of autoantibodies in pregnant and lactating women (8.9％,8.7％) were significantly lower than that in the other healthy adult women (22.8％).The incidence of abnormal thyroid function in antibody-positive people was higher than that in negative ones in all groups,and abnormal thyroid function showed mainly as subclinical hypothyroidism.In addition,lactating women with negative autoantibodies presented a higher incidence of abnormal thyroid function,mainly as low FT4.The abnormal thyroid function is related with the positive thyroid autoantibodies,indicating that it is essential to follow-up these people with positive antibodies in order to facilitate prevention,early diagnosis,and treatment of thyroid disease.Reference data for thyroid hormones in lactating women should be establisbed as soon as possible.

Digestive tract reconstruction is an important part of gastric carcinoma operation as well as tumor resection and lymph node dissection.Surgeons are seeking the optimal reconstruction method that reduces the occurrence of complications and maintains better quality of postoperative life extremely.Uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis is a modified procedure in which an artificial jejunal occlusion is devised to avoid Roux stasis syndrome based on Billroth Ⅱ and Braun's anastomosis.Compared to the conventional Roux-en-Y anastomosis,the uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis retains the advantage of preventing biliary and pancreatic secretions reflux,furthermore,it can decrease the symptoms associated with Roux stasis owing to the abnormal myoelectrical conduction of Roux limb.Because the early studies indicated that there was higher incidence of dehiscence or recanalization of the jejunal occlusion,the uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis has not been widely applied.Since jejunal occlusion has been optimized recently,the uncut Roux-en-Y reconstruction may be an optional and appropriate method of digestive tract reconstruction after distal gastrectomy.

Objective To construct a genetically-stable double auxotrophic,in which the uracil and leucine were mutated,using the Candida parapolymorpha ATCC26012 as materials.Methods Based on the physical and genetic engineering methods,the chromosome of the C.parapolymorpha strain was modified,where the ura3 and leu2 genes were directly mutated,to obtain the uracil and leucine double auxotrophic strain.Then the constructed strain was identified by the analysis of its biological properties,such as genetic stability,the change of the genes,and the physiologic and biochemical characteristics.Results The uracil and leucine double auxotrophic strain is obtained by screening.The biological identification results show that the obtained strain is genetically stable and the targeted genes are directly altered.In addition,the physiologic and biochemical analyses indicate that the auxotrophic can utilize various kinds of carbon and nitrogen nutrient sources,and its growth is good.Conclusion The successful construction of double auxotrophic mutant strains facilitated the genetic studies on C.parapolymorpha to meet various investigational purposes.Moreover,the constructed auxotrophic strains can be applied as advantageous host cells to express multiple proteins/antigens simultaneously,which is of great significance in the development of vaccines.

Objectives:To discuss the characteristics of nursing care of patients with cardiomegaly after heart valve replacement operation.　Methods:From October 1997 to January 2000, 65 patients with cardiomegaly received heart valve replacement operations. According to the degree of cardiomegaly, these patients were divided into 3 types: left atrium, left ventricle and whole heart cardiomegaly. Different nursings were applied depending on the features of each type.　Results:Complications occurred in 28 patients(12 in left atrium,11 in left ventricle and 5 in whole heart cardiomegaly),all of whom were cured;2 patients died, the mortality rate was 3.08%.　Conclusions: To lower the morbidity and mortality, different kinds of nursing care should be applied to different cardiomegaly after heart valve replacement operations.

BACKGROUND:Orthotopic liver transplantation is the most effective therapy for the treatment of end-stage liver diseases, but the lack of donor source, immune rejection, and repeated infections limit its application. Stem celltransplantation technology provides a new idea for the treatment of end-stage liver diseases. A variety of methods have been confirmed to successful y induce umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells converted into liver cells in vitro.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical efficacy and feasibility of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells transplantation in the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis.
METHODS:Twenty-three patients with decompensated cirrhosis received al ogeneic human umbilical cord blood mononuclear celltransplantation. Serum alanine aminotransferase, albumin, cholinesterase, total bilirubin and prothrombin time were detected at post-transplantation weeks 2, 4, 8 and 24. Improvement in clinical signs and symptoms as wel as adverse reactions was observed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Liver function had no changes at 2 weeks after human umbilical cord blood mononuclear celltransplantation (P>0.05). At 4 weeks after celltransplantation, serum alanine aminotransferase was improved significantly (P<0.05), but the other indexes stil had no changes. Until 12 weeks after celltransplantation, there were significant improvements in al the liver function indicators (P<0.05) and the liver stiffness (P<0.05). By the end of 24 weeks, al the test results were improved significantly (P<0.01). Clinical symptoms were al eviated, including fatigue improvement in 20 cases (87%), improved appetite in 21 cases (91%), and relieved ascites in 19 cases (83%). No severe adverse reactions were found during the transplantation and 24-week fol ow-up. These findings suggest that human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells transplantation is effective and safe for the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis, which can be considered as a clinical therapy for patients with advanced cirrhosis.

Objective To explore the distinction between measles vaccine strain Shanghai-191 (S- 191) and wild-type strains in China at molecular level. Methods After having been amplified by RT-PCR, the nucleotides of S-191 was sequenced and analyzed with reference to the sequences obtained from Gen- Bank, which includes 24 whole genome sequences, 211 sequences of wild-type strains isolated from China and WHO reference strains. Results The sequence of S-191 strain had been submitted to GenBank. Phylo- genetic analysis of the COOH terminal 456 nucleotides coding for the nucleoprotein (N) indicated that most of the measles virus strains from China were members of clade H1. The genetic distances between the virus strains detected in a number of provinces and S-191 strain were 6.7% -8.2%. It is noteworthy that the muta- tion rate of non-coding regions was considerably higher than that of coding regions. The mutation rate of N gene was the highest among all of the coding regions. Conclusion This report shows that genotype H1 is widely distributed throughout the country. The circulation has no apparent geographic and temporal restric- tion. The evolution of measles virus should be closely followed.

Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity of group A and C meningococcal polysaccharides conjugates using different proteins as carriers. Methods Heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB)pentamer form was expressed in E. coli. The target protein was identified and purified by cation-exchange chromatography. Then biological activity of rLTB was tested using GM1-ELISA. GCMP was conjugated to rLTB with the chemical method (ADH). Furthermore, the mice were immunized with GAMp-TT/GCMP-TT conjugates and GAMP-TT/GCMP-rLTB conjugates via peritoneal. Finally the anti-polysaccharide antibody was detected. Results The GAMP-TT/GCMP-rLTB conjugate elicits remarkably higher serum antibodies in mice than GAMP-TT/GCMP-TT conjugate. Conclusion These results indicated that polysaccharide conjugates using different proteins as carriers were superior to those using only one protein as carrier.

significant for the precaution of gastric cancer risk population. Aims:To explore gastric cancer susceptibility gene profiling in an area in Shanghai,and to assess the risk of gastric cancer susceptibility. Methods:A total of 152 patients with primary gastric cancer at Shanghai Pudong Hospital were enrolled,and 152 demographic characteristics matched patients with non-gastrointestinal diseases,non-tumor were served as controls. Gene polymorphism was determined by allele specific polymerase chain reaction. Susceptibility gene of gastric cancer was screened. Multiple genes interactions were analyzed and multiple genes risk was evaluated by DEMCHUK model. Results:Univariate analysis showed that CYP2E1,NAT2M1,NAT2M2,NAT2,XRCC1194,MTHFRA1298C,VDR TaqⅠ were susceptibility genes of gastric cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that CYP2E1(C1/ C1),NAT2M1(T/ T),NAT2M2(A/ A),XRCC1194( T/ T)and MTHFRA1298C(A/ C)were susceptibility genotypes. Synergistic effect was found between genes except MTHFRA1298C (A/ C)with NAT2M1(T/ T)and NAT2M2(A/ A)(P ﹤0. 05). Multiple genes risk analysis showed that combination OR of multiple genes was highly correlated with gene frequency,and the risk of gastric cancer was increased with the increasing number of susceptibility genes. Conclusions:CYP2E1(C1/ C1),NAT2M1(T/ T),NAT2M2( A/ A),XRCC1194( T/ T) and MTHFRA1298C( A/ C) are susceptibility genotypes of gastric cancer. Carrying multiple susceptibility genes can significantly increase the risk of gastric cancer.

Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity of the recombinant human papillomavirus type 68b (HPV68b) virus-like particles(VLPs)in a mouse model.Methods The L1 protein of HPV type 68b was successful expressed in the Hansenula polymorpha strain (NVSI-68b-1).Processes including purifi-cation and reconstitution were performed to achieve pure HPV 68b VLPs.The purity, morphology and immu-nogenicity of the purified HPV 68 b VLPs were further analyzed .The BALB/c mice were immunized with HPV68b VLPs formulated on aluminum adjuvant .Pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody ( PsV NAb) assay was performed to detect the neutralizing antibodies in serum samples .Results The HPV 68 b L1 VLPs were ob-tained as indicated by the results of SDS-PAGE, Western blot assay , HPLC, electron microscopy and dy-namic light scattering with a high purity of 95%.Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scat-tering analysis revealed that the HPV68b L1 VLPs resembled the native virus with an average particle diame-ter of 50 nm.High levels of HPV68b-neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum samples from the mice immunized with HPV68b L1 VLPs.Moreover, a cross-protective efficacy of HPV68b L1 VLPs for HPV68a was observed .Conclusion This study suggested that the recombinant HPV 68 b VLPs expressed in a Han-senula polymorpha strain might be used as a potential candidate for the development of HPV vaccine .

Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin-18(IL-18)and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes melli-tus.Methods 72 healthy Sprague-Dawlay male rats were randomly divided into four groups, NC group,NCS group,HF group and HFS group.At the end of the 8th week,NCS group and HFS group were injected with STZ(25mg/kg)into abdominal cavity.At the end of the 10th week,diabetic rats were screened by oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT).The blood sample was collected when the rats were killed at the end of the 14th and 20th week.The levels of serum IL-18,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were assayed with ELISA.Results Most rats in HFS group were achieved the diagnostic standard of diabetic rat, and their insulin sensitivity index(ISI)were decreased.At the end of the 14th week and 20th week,the levels of serum IL-18,IL-6 and TNF-α in HFS group were significantly higher than those in NC group(P＜0.01).In HFS group,the levels of serum IL-18,IL-6 and TNF-α at the end of the 20th week were higher than those at the end of the 14th week,but it had no statistic significance(P＞0.05).Pearson linear correlation analysis showed that the level of serum IL-18 in HFS group was positive correlated with FBG,IL-6,and TNF-α(r=0.90,P＜0.01 or r≥0.73,P＜0.05),and negative correlated with ISI(r=-0.86,P＜0.01).Condusions Our results show that IL-18 is related with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetos mellitus.