Epidemiological studies are important methods to discover the characteristics of diabetes mellitus,which are also helpful in improving the effectiveness of prevention and management of the diseases.Continuous improvement in the design and implementation of epidemiological studies itself would have great significance.

Metabolic surgery has brought new hope for obese T2DM patients. Control of long‐term complications and integrated management after metabolic surgery are important for patients to obtain a long‐term benefit. Cooperation of multidisciplinary teams plays an indispensable role in this systemic work.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), an emerging technology for glucose monitoring, is able to reflect blood glucose level with a glucose sensor that monitors the glucose concentration in the subcutaneous tissue. Providing the continuous and comprehensive glycemic information, CGM shows unique advantages in the assessment of blood glucose fluctuations. CGM offers an effective supplement to the traditional monitoring approaches, which is of great significance in the study of the individualized treatment for patients and the research of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

Lipocalin-2 is an adipocytokine secreted mainly by adipose tissue. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory factor associated with insulin resistence, obesity and its complications. The precise mechanism of the development of obesity-related disorders induced by lipocalin-2 is not very clear, however, it may be a useful target in drug therapy for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Metabonomics is an emerging platform for technology.It provides a new method in study of drugs.This article summarized evidences derived from recent metabonomics studies regarding hypoglycemic drugs.We collected all proofs of body metabolite profiling in assessing drugs and exploring their potential mechanisms.An outlook of metabonomics for future research into hypoglycemic drugs was also postulated.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (AFABP) is a member of fatty acid binding protein superfamily.Studies in the relationship between AFABP and atherosclerosis may provide new ideas for its pathogenesis.This review summarised a concise and general overview of AFABP' s role in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related disease.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with complications associated with long-term damage,dysfunction,and failure of various organs,and has become one of the leading causes of impairment of human health.At present,the prevalence of diabetes mellitus reaches 9.7%in China,which is considered one of the countries in the world with heavy diabetes burden.Patients with established diabetic complications will be at higher risk of poor health outcomes and with higsh healthcare costs.These realities support the critical need to identify diabetes and its precursors more efficiently and earlier.The current diagnostic criteria,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),and oral glucose tolerance test(OGYT),that require fasting and multiple blood samplings,may not be acceptable to patients and may limit the clinical application so as to impede the effort to diagnose diabetes in timely fashion.HbA1C,which accurately reflects longer term glycaemia,Can be done at any time without fasting or other preparation of the patient and may not be affected by short term lifestyle changes.Given the recognized need,some panels have been considering the possible utility of HbA1C as a supplementary screening tool to make the diagnosis of diabetes efficiently.

Osteocalcin is a bone matrix noncollagen protein which is one of the most abundant secretory products of osteoblasts. Resent studies have demonstrated that osteocalcin is not only a specific biochemical marker of bone turnover, but also involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. Further studies in the pathophysiological functions of osteocalcin might contribute to the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Impaired glucose regulation includes three types, isolated-impaired fasting glucose, isolated-impaired glucose tolerance and combined glucose intolerance.The epidemiologic studies and pathogenetic studies indicate that each type has different characteristics of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.The distinct metabolic features conduce to different early interventions in order to prevent or delay their progress to type 2 diabetes.

Although Addison's disease is uncommon, it may contribute to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if not treated appropriately. Clinical features, laboratory tests and endocrine function tests which conduce to diagnosis are reviewed. The long-term corticosteroid replacement therapy plays an important role in the treatment. Close monitoring during labor and postpartum, appropriate arrangement of corticosteroid could optimize the maternal and fetal outcome.