Objective To examine the distribution of Malassezia species in follicular contents and perifollicular superficial skin in patients with Malassezia folliculitis and search for its causative agent. Methods A total of 120 patients with Malassezia folliculitis were investigated. Follicular lesions at three different anatomic sites were selected in each patient. Perifolliclar superficial skin specimens were taken by sterile adhesive tape, and the follicular contents of the same follicle were taken by sterile haemostatic forceps. The above specimens were cultured respectively on media containing rapeseed oil. The isolated colonies were identified by their physiological and morphological characteristics. Results Out of 319 isolates obtained from the perifollicular superficial skin, 247 isolates (77.43%) were identified as M. sympodialis, 40 isolates (12.54%) as M. furfur, 27 isolates(8.46%) as M. globosa and 5 isolates(1.57%) as M. obtusa. Out of 314 isolates obtained from follicular contents, 252 isdates(80.25%) were identified as M. globosa, 57 isolates(18.15%) as M. sympodialis, 4 isolates(1.27%) as M. furfur, and 1 isolate(0.32%) as M. obtusa. There was statistical difference in species distribution between the follicular contents and the perifolliclar superficial skin (P

The development and present situation of high power and luminous flux LED is introduced. The feasibility of high luminous flux LED in the field surgery illumination is analyzed in detail. Then the realizable plans are discussed separately from device, driving circuit, optical system and mechanical system.

Objectives To compare the difference between multipoint inoculation and routine method for isolation of pathogenic fungi from nail samples of onychomycosis,and to analyze the epidemiology of pathogenic fungi in those patients.Methods The nail clipping samples from each patient were inoculated onto the plates with Sabouraud's agar,Sabouraud's agar without cycloheximide and medium containing rapeseed oil,respectively,by an approach of at least seven inoculating points in each plate (multipoint inoculation),and onto medium slope in tubes with the same media as above mentioned (routine method).In the multipoint inoculation method,plates with more than 3 colonies were taken for further identification of pathogenic fungi based on morphological and biochemical properties.Results Based on the data from 150 samples of onychomycosis,significant differences were found between multipoint inoculation method and routine method (P

Objective To investigate the distribution of Malassezia species in lesional and non-lesion-al sites of patients with pityriasis versicolor(PV),species-variation in different anatomic sites and in lesions with different pigmentation,and the relationship between various Malassezia species and severity and age of PV patients.Methods A total of629skin specimens taken by sterile adhesive tape from the lesions and non-lesional skin were inoculated on media containing rapeseed oil in113patients with PV.Isolated colonies were identified to species based on physiological and morphological characteristics.Results The isolation rates of Malassezia spp.were not significantly different from both lesions and corresponding non-lesional skin.Among non-lesional sites,the isolation rate was significantly higher in forehead and trunk than that in upper and lower extremities.Five species were identified out of565strains obtained from the patients,including M.sympodialis(44.78%),M.furfur(32.94%),M.globosa(11.68%),M.obtusa(5.84%)and M.restricta(4.76%).Two dif-ferent species were isolated simultaneously from27sites.There was no obvious difference in species distribu-tion patterns between lesions and non-lesional sites.M.restricta was isolated from forehead exclusively.Species-variation was closely linked to lesions with different pigmentation and the age of patients,not to the severity of disease.Conclusion There is neither statistical difference of Malassezia isolation rate and species distribution between lesions and non-lesional skin,nor correlation between disease severity and species-varia-tion.The anatomic sites,the diversity of pigmentation pattern and the age of patients seem to be associated with different Malassezia species.

This article was aimed to study the correlation between iron content inCornus officinalis leaves and its yield as well as quality. The method of microwave digestion atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the content of iron element inCornus officinalis leaves. HPLC was used to determine the content of loganin and ursolic acid in fruits. Correlation analysis was made among the content of iron element, yield of fruits, loganin and ursolic acid in fruits. The results showed that iron element in leaves of different yield level cornus officinalis was different. It also had some correlation with yield and quality of fruits. It was concluded that the research can improve relations of source-sink inCornus ofifcinalis, adjust source-sink balance, guide farmers to master the period of spraying iron fertilizer, and increase production and quality ofCornus ofifcinalis.

Diagnostics is the bridge of basic medicine and clinical medicine.Teaching method with the idea of evidence-based medicine is benefit to cultivate the students' ability on clinical practice.To establish this educational mode,teachers should learn a teaching method guided by ideas of evidence-based medicine,and students should be taught a tool for solving clinical problems with ideas of evidence-based medicine.

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients after antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods The demographic and clinical data of HIV-HCV coinfected patients in Zhongnan Hospital,Wuhan University and local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from Jan 2003 to Dec 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Single factor and multiple factor Logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between the variables and incidence of ESLD,such as baseline age ≥40,male,previous blood transfusion history,duration of HCV persistent infection,hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection (HBsAg positive),HIV RNA≥-1 ×104 copy/mL at last visit,HCV RNA≥ 1.× 105 copy/mL at last visit,CD4 count ＞ 200 / μL at last visit,alanine aminotranferase (ALT) ≥ 2 × upper limit normal (ULN) at last visit,ART containing nevirapine (NVP),follow-up duration,ART duration＞5 years and HCV genotype 1b.The effect of ESLD on the survival of HIV-HCV co-infected patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method.Results Totally 427 HIV-HCV co-infected patients were followed up with average of 3.7 years. Fifty-five patients (12.9％) developed ESLD,and 52 patients (12.2％) died.Factors independently associated with ESLD included baseline age≥40 (OR=2.385,P=0.039),ALT ≥2× ULN (OR=16.374,P=0.000),HBV-coinfection (OR=2.507,P=0.042),duration of ART ＞ 5 years (OR=3.232,P=0.010),and CD4 count ≥200/μL (OR=0.364,P=0.011).The cumulative mortality of HIV-HCV co-infected patients with ESLD was 50.9％,whereas that of HIV-HCV co-infected patients without ESLD was 6.5％ (P=0.000).Conclusion In the ART era,ESLD is common among HIV-HCV co-infected patients in China,which is responsible for reducing the survival time of the patients.

Objective To investigate prevalence HPV infections in cervix among HIV-infected Chinese women.Methods From September 2009 to May 2011,293 women with positive HIV underwent cervical cancer screening as study group matched with 200 women with negative HIV as control group.Questionnaires including demographic information and HIV associated information were collected,Pap smear and 23 subtype of HPV were performed in those women.The women with positive HPV were followed up per 6 months,and the period of following up were more than 12 months.Binary logistic analysis was used for high risk factors of HPV persistent infection.Results Prevalent HPV infection was 44.4％ (130/293) in study group and 20.0％ (40/200) in control group,respectively,which reached statistical difference( P ＜0.05).The most common genotype of HPV was HPV 16,which prevalence was 13.7％ (40/293)in study group and 7.0％ (14/200) in control group.The other HPV subtype prevalence was HPV-58,HPV-52,HPV- 43 and HPV-18,which was 9.2％ (27/293),8.2％ (24/293),8.2％ (24/293),6.8％ (20/293) in study group and 3.0％ (6/200),2.5％ (5/200),1.5％ (3/200),2.5％ (5/200) in control group.At time point of 12 months following up,the persistent prevalence of HPV was 47.5％ (48/101) in study group and 21.1％ (8/38) in control group,which reached statistical difference (P＜0.05).Multiple HPV infections ( OR =6.4,95 ％ CI:1.6 - 25.6),abnormal cytology ( OR =18.1,95 ％ CI:4.5 - 76.9 ) and lower CD4 T cell count (compaed with CD4 ＞3.5 × 108/L,if 2.0 × 108 ≤CD4 ≤3.5 × 108,OR =8.1,95％ CI:1.3 -56.3 ; if CD ＜ 2.0 × 108/L,OR =9.1,95％ CI:1.8 - 46.9 ) were independently associated with HPV persistence among HIV-positive subjects.Conclusions Prevalence and persistence of HPV infections were more common among HIV-positive Chinese women than those in HIV-negative Chinese women.Improving immune function,decreasing multiple HPV infections,treating abnormal cervical cytology could decrease prevalence of HPV infection.

Objective To analyze the incidence,mortality and risk factors of death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).Methods A total of 427 HIV/HCV co-infected patients admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University or local disease prevention and control canters from January 2003 to December 2010 were enrolled in the study.The demographic and clinical data of patients were retrospectively studied.Cox progressive regression model was used for data analysis,and Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the effect of end-stage liver diseases on the death.Results of 427 HIV/HCV co-infected patients,53 ( 12.4％ ) died during the follow-up,in which 28 (52.8％) died of liver-related diseases.Male gender ( RR =2.63,P =0.05 ),infection via blood transfusion ( RR =2.15,P =0.04),baseline CD4 + T cells ＜50 cells/μL ( RR =2.83,P =0.02),HIV RNA≥ 104copies/mL at the end of follow-up (RR =2.79,P =0.00 ) and complicated with end-stage liver disease ( RR =7.79,P =0.00) were significantly related to the death.Duration of cART ＞ 5 years is a protective factor for the death ( RR =0.03,P =0.00).Themortality of patients complicated with end-stage liver diseases was 52.7％ ( 29/55 ).Conclusion Liver disease-related death has become the leading cause of death in HIV/HCV co-infected patients,and patients with end-stage liver diseases are of high risk of death.

Objective To investigate the influence of safe sex education and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody sero-conversion status among HIV-discordant spouses.Methods Totally 1 258 HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and their spouses were enrolled and the related information was collected during 2005 to 2007.The HIV negative spouses were tested for HIV antibody once every 6 months.The effects of safe sex education and ART on sero-conversion status of HIV-discordant spouses were analyzed.The date were analyzed by x2 test.Results Without any intervention,505 out of 1 258 HIV/AIDS spouses were positive for HIV test,with the HIV natural spousal transmission rate of 40.1％.Among 442 blood source and 816 sexual source index HIV cases,HIV was positive in 103 and 402 of their spouses,respectively,with the HIV transmission rates between couples of 23.3％ and 49.3 ％,respectively.HIV transmission rate in sexual source group was higher than that in blood source group (x2 =80.421,P＜0.01).Among 608 male and 650 female index HIV cases,HIV was positive in 333 and 172 of their spouses,respectively,with the HIV transmission rates between couples of 54.8％ and 26.5％,respectively.Rate of HIV transmission from men to women was higher than that from women to men (x2 =104.770,P＜0.01).Among 753 HIV discordant couples,only 5 spouses had HIV sero-conversion (0.7％) after comprehensive intervention measures during 5 years of follow-up period.Among 31 HIV/AIDS patients who were only accepted safe sex education,3 of their spouses were HIV positive (9.7％).The transmission rate was lower than that in patients without any intervention (40.1％) (x2 =11.760,P＜0.01).Among 722 HIV/AIDS patients received ART,2 of their spouses were HIV positive (0.3 ％),which was lower than the transmission rate (9.7％) in ART-na(i)ve group (x2=39.821,P＜0.01).Conclusion Safe sex education should be implemented throughout the health management of HIV/AIDS patients and their spouses.If possible,early ART should be carried out to reduce the risk of HIV transmission between married couples.