OBJECTIVES: Standardization of head size is essential for the volume study. Cortical thickness analyses are increasingly being used in many fields of neuroscience. However, it is not established whether head size correction should be done for thickness study. METHODS: Using the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies data, we determined cortical thickness of 316 cognitively normal participants aged 18-94 with FreeSurfer. The association between head size and cortical thickness of whole cortical mantle and in each lobe among age tertile groups was assessed. Estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV) was calculated for determining head size. RESULTS: Across all participants, cortical thickness in whole brain except some areas in cingulate and insula decreased with aging. eTIV had positive correlation with the thickness of frontal, parietal, occipital and whole brain areas. However, the age effect was not shown in whole brain of the first tertile group and in cingulate areas of the third tertile group. eTIV had negative correlation with the thickness of cingulate in the third tertile group. Gender effects were shown in some areas in third tertile group, but it would be due to difference of head size. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that head size standardization might be done especially in older population and in studies of paralimbic areas.
Aging ; Brain* ; Head* ; Neurosciences ; Rabeprazole

PURPOSE: A high degree of agreement between standardized patients (SP) check-list recordings and those of faculty will be necessary if SPs are to eventually replace faculties in the OSCE evaluaton process. This study was conducted to know to what degree SPs' checklist recordings agree with those of faculties during an OSCE. METHODS: One hundred and twenty one fourth-year medical students of Hanyang University College of Medicine took an OSCE. In each of two study stations, a student saw an SP for four minutes and the SP recorded the same checklists as a faculty examiner did, for the following fifty seconds. RESULTS: For the 'bad news delivery' station, SP evaluations were more lenient compared to those of faculties (56 vs 45, p< 0.01), but in the case of 'chest pain', there was no significant difference. Pearson correlation coefficients for the 'bad news delivery' station and for the 'chest pain' case were 0.60 and 0.65, respectively. The mean percentages of agreement for the 'bad news delivery' and the 'chest pain' checklists were 71% and 82%, respectively. The mean kappa statistics for the 'bad news delivery' and the 'chest pain' check-lists were 0.19 and 0.49, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ratings by SPs were found to be consistent with those of faculties only in moderate degree. The exactness of scoring criteria, and the optimal SP training are to be the premise for the replacement of faculties by SPs during OSCE checklist recordings.
Checklist* ; Clinical Competence ; Educational Measurement ; Humans ; Observer Variation ; Patient Simulation ; Students, Medical

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest the direction of the Healthy Village project for rural residents in accordance with the prolonged COVID-19 by investigating the digital environment for major health problems, the role of a health leader, necessary projects, and non-face-to-face projects for Healthy Village members in the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: Telephone interview surveys were conducted with 585 residents from November 30, 2020 to December 21, 2020. Results: Health problems perceived by residents were in the order of concerns about infection (48.5%), depression (32.5%), difficulties in using medical services (9.4%), and lack of exercise (7.7%). The role of the health committee in the COVID-19 situation was “encouraging people to follow quarantine rules” with 91.3%. As a necessary health village project, there was a high demand for the provision of health products and mental health projects. 17.9% said that there is a computer or smart device connected to the Internet in their home, and 42.2% said that there is someone in the village who can easily get help if there is a problem in accessing and using Internet information. 36.9% were able to watch videos, and 22.2% were able to use the Internet through public facilities. Conclusion In a public health crisis, where the provision of public health and medical services to rural residents is not smooth, it is necessary to manage health and quarantine through health leaders in the village, and it is required to establish a digital environment infrastructure that can conduct community participatory health village projects in a non-face-to-face environment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe subjective physical and mental health assessed by the single item self-rated physical health (SRPH), and self-rated mental health (SRMH) had influence on the cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: This study was based on the Suwon Project, a cohort comprising of non-random convenience samples of ethnic Koreans aged 60 years and above. 1,356 individuals were assessed at 2 time points 2 years apart for questionnaire which included demographic characteristics, medical history, Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K), SRPH, and SRMH. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess K-MMSE score change from the SRPH, and SRMH. RESULTS: At baseline, both SRPH (beta=0.18, p<0.01) and SRMH (beta=0.19, p<0.01) score positively associated with the K-MMSE score. At follow-up, subjects with baseline lower SRMH score had significantly greater decline in K-MMSE score (beta=0.09, p=0.007). However, baseline SRPH score showed no effect to follow up K-MMSE score before and after adjusting age, sex, education, number of chronic disease, SGDS-K, and baseline K-MMSE score (p=0.89). CONCLUSION: Brief and easily collected subjective mental health may predict the risk of cognitive decline, but subjective physical health may not.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Depression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mental Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires