Objective To study the diagnostic value of CDE in moyamoya disease.Methods The intra-and-extracranial arteries in 17 patients with moyamoya disease and 25 healthy volunteers were studies by CDE.The resistance index(RI),pulsatility index(PI),time-averaged flow velocity(Vm)were examined in arteries,including MCA、MCA、ACA、PCA、CCA、ICA、ECA and TSA.Results ①The diagnosis rate of the occlusion or stenosis in intracranial arteries was 87.25%.②The hemodynamic characteristics of CCA and ICA were high flow velocky and low resistance opposite to that of TSA.③The moyamoya vessels were seaned in 10 of all 17 patients with moyamoya disease by CDE.The diagnosis rate of moyamoya disease was 58.82%.Conclusions CDE technique could image the moyamoya vessels as scattered color dots. So CDE had a higher clinic value in diagnosis of moyamoya disease.

With the exploitation of marine resources and environmental deterioration, perilous events in the sea are gradually increasing. Seawater drowning is one of the most important causes of death. Researches on seawater drowning have attracted more and more interests in recent years, and certain progresses have been achieved in scientific research and clinical treatment. In the aspects of theory and establishment of a model, a renewed concept of seawater drowning-induced acute lung injury (SWD-ALI) has been acquired, the animal model of SWD-ALI has been successfully reprodaced for elucidation of the pathological and pathophysiological changes in lung tissue. Multiple results of molecular biological research on SWD-ALI have contributed to illuminating the pathogenesis involved. It is indicated that, compared with freshwater-induced lung injuries, SWD-ALI is severer in clinical picture, and it might develop to a peculiar seawater drowning-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (SWD-ARDS) if no prompt and effective treatment is employed. For the clinical treatment for SWD-ALI, comprehensive therapies based on mechanical ventilation have been approved. The scientific outcomes mentioned above have laid a foundation for the full realization of SWD-ALI and more effective rescue of SWD-ALI patients.

Objective To observe the effect of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) and conventional mechanical ventilation(CMV) on gas exchange in lung injury due to pulmonary edema as a result of seawater drowning in rabbit. Methods Twenty-four healthy male new Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups ( n =8). Pulmonary edema was produced in all rabbits by drowning in sea water. Rabbits of PE group received no treatment,that of CMV group were treated with conventional mechanical ventilation and PEEP,and that of PLV group with CMV,combined with PEEP and FDC. All rabbits were treated for 3 hours. Blood gases,TNF-?in plasma and pulmonary histopathology were determined during the experiment. Results In PLV group,PaO_2 was increased obviously,inflammatory exudate was reduced,and alveolar and interstitial edema was alleviated. The plasma level of TNF-?was significantly lower in PLA group compared with PE group,( P

Objective To study regularity of atherosclerosic development and distribution in extracoronary arteries and its relation to risk factors in high risk group of atherosclerosis. Methods 　 Extracoronary atherosclerosis was investigated with ultrasound in subjects exposed to multiple cardiovascular diseases and undergone stepwise multiple regress analysis with cardiovascular risk factors. Results 　 Incidence of carotid, subclaviscular , abdominal aortic , femoral and common iliac artery atherosclerosis was 73%, 63%, 56%,54% and 51% respectively. The simple atherosclerostic plaque is the most common of three types(P<0.01); The incidence and IMT of femoral, abdominal aortic and iliac artery atherosclerosis were significantly higher in coronary artery disease (CAD) than those in the other groups(P<0.01);The incidence and IMT of carotid artery atherosclerosis in subjects with stroke were significantly higher than those in other groups;The age,systolic blood pressure and triglyceride were significantly associated with extracoronary atherosclerosis. Conclusion 　In descending order of incidence of extracoronary atherosclerosis,these were carotid,subclavicular,abdominal aortic,femoral and common iliac artery. The atherosclerosis of femoral,iliac and abodominal arteries was closely associated with CAD,and the atherosclerosis of carotid artery was significantly associated with stroke.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is thought to arise from the interaction of environmental exposures and genet -ic susceptibility, and major research efforts are underwent to identify genetic determinants and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of COPD susceptibility.The suspected COPD genes include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1), SERPINA1, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3).A lot of Genome-Wide Association Study in COPD have identified some novel genes influencing COPD , such as CHRNA3/5, IREB2, HHIP and FAM13A.This review detailedly describe the advances in this field .

Objective To investigate the application of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor(sIL-2R)and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ (sTNFR Ⅱ) in extrapulmonary organ involvement sarcoidosis.Methods Of 28 cases with sarcoidosis which were in active period,12 cases were in extrapulmonary organ involvement subgroup,16 cases were in pure pulmonary lesions subgroup.Serum sIL-2R and sTNFR Ⅱ of the two groups were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and compared.Results The expression level of sIL-2R in extrapulmonary organ involvement subgroup was (1.60 ± 0.80) μg/L,significantly higher than that of pure pulmonary lesions group,and there was significant difference((1.00±0.29)μg/L,t =2.764,P＜0.05);and the expression level of sTNFR Ⅱ in extrapulmonary organ involvement subgroup was (1.09 ± 0.24) μg/L,significantly higher than that of pure pulmonary lesions group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant((0.85±0.29) μg/L,t =2.183,P＜0.05).Conclusion The expression level of peripheral blood serum sIL-2R and sTNFR Ⅱ may serve as the important indexes to judge the extrapulmonary organ involvement sarcoidosis.

Objective To review the clinical features of lung nodule and the common misdiagnosed reasons and diseases. Methods A total of 44 literature on misdiagnosed lung nodule in the latest ten years were reviewed and their clinical characters, diagnosis methods were analyzed. Results Forty-four relative literatures were found, in which there were 319 misdiagnosed cases. The median of onset age was 43 years. Female patients were more than male. Cough, chest distress and fever were primary symptoms. 46. 39% of the patients were characterized with hilus of lung lymphadenectasis symmetrically. The most common misdiagnosis were tuberculosis, lung cancer and lymphadenoma ( 53.61%, 25. 71% and 10. 34% ). Majority of patients were correctly diagnosed by biopsy, especially through transbronchial lung or mucosa biopsy or lymphaden biopsy. Conclusion Clinicians should improve the understanding on lung nodule and comprehensively analyze and differentiate it with other diseases to reduce the misdiagnosis.

Objective　To investigate regularity of intimal-medial　thickness（IMT）of extracoronary artery (including carotid, femoral and common iliac arteries ) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods　Atherosclerosis of carotid, femoral and common iliac arteries was investigated with ultrasound in 115 subjects undergone coronary arteriography (CAG). Stepwise multiple regression analysis and Logistic regression were carried out between the results of extracoronary artery ultrasound examination and CAG.Results　The IMT and incidence of carotid, common iliac and femoral atherosclerostic plaques in patients with positive CAG were significantly higher than the subjects with negative CAG (P<0.01); Logistic regression indicated that the presence or absence of carotid, common iliac, femoral atherosclerosis was closely correlated with CAD (β were 2.147, 2.813 and 3.204 respectively,P<0.05,<0.01,<0.005 respectively. Odds ratio were 8.797,16.666 and 24.642 respectively,P<0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that common iliac and femoral IMT were closely associated with LOG (1+Gensini′s score) (P<0.0001). For each increased 1 mm of common iliac and femoral IMT, the LOG (1+Gensini′s score) increased 0.20 and 0.19 respectively. Furthermore, the carotid artery IMT was also partly associated with LOG (1+Gensini′s score) (P<0.05). Common iliac atherosclerosis was closely correlated with occurrence of acute myocardial infarction,the positive predictive value of carotid, common iliac, femoral atherosclerosis was 75%, 87%, 88% respectively, the positive predictive values for 2 sites and 3 sites were 92%～98% and 100% respectively.Conclusions　The presence or absence and the extent and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis can be predicted through investigating extracoronary artery atherosclerosis.Common iliac and femoral arteries can be asurrogate and window for studying the occurrence, progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Currently, medical ultrasound teaching focuses on the delivering the image infor-mation itself, while its connection with basic medicine and clinical medicine is neglected. Such a teaching method is not good for students to establish a systemic view. To conduct the ultrasound medi-cine education effectively in undergraduate students, we have tried some reforms, including: perform-ing diseases or problem based teaching, integrating basic medicine, ultrasound medicine and clinical medicine throughout the whole teaching process, providing as many practice opportunities as possible for the graduates and integrating the ultrasound imaging with other medical imaging modalities. The practice shows that with the reform, the students have a better understanding of ultrasonic knowledge itself, a better grasp of the whole medical knowledge structure, and also have a preliminary impression on how to diagnose the disease through reasonable application of different treatments. In addition, students have more passion for study.