Particular difficulties were presented when diagnosis of asthma in children under 5 was made. Diagnosis of asthma in early childhood is a big challenge and has been based largely on clinical justification and assessment of symptoms and physical signs. The PRACTALL consensus report focus exclusively on pediatric asthma, such as natural history and pathophysiology of pediatric asthma, different patterns of recurrent wheeze in pediatric patients, different phenotypes of asthma in children, and provides recommendations for diagnosis, practical management and monitoring. More factors should be considered for diagnosis of asthma in children under 5, including the patterns of recurrent wheeze, history of atopy, risk factor of asthma, long-term follow-up, extensive differential diagnoses, response to bronchodilator and/or anti-inflammatory treatment and so on.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is an important etiological agent in childhood community acquired pneumonia. Pediatricians are concerned about the clinical problems of MP infection. In this review,MP infection-related clinical issues, such as epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging, and relationship of bronchial asthma, laboratory diagnosis and treatment, were discussed to improve pediatricians' awareness and knowledge of clinical diagnosis and treatment of MP infection.

With the wide applications of flexible bronchoscopy in pediatric clinical affairs,the rate of adverse reactions and complications have been increased synchronously.In order to safely make correct diagnosis and improve the therapeutic effects,lower the incidence of complications,it is very important to be familiar with various complications and the ways of management about them as well as indications,contraindications and operating procedures.It's also necessary to negotiate with children's parents on health and fortune including anaesthesia so as to decrease the risks of unexpected affairs and adverse effects.

Necrotizing pneumonia is a severe complication of community-acquired pneumonia in children, with no clear deif-nition currently, characterized by parenchymal injury, necrosis and cavity formation. Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common pathogen;however a positive microbiology is not always obtainable. The clinical manifestation of necrotizing pneumonia is more seri-ous than ordinary pneumonia, and complications are common. Chest CT scan is helpful to early detection and diagnosis. Antibio-tics remain the mainstay of treatment, and the prognosis is relatively well.

Objective To investigate the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)expression in lung tis-sue of asthmatic mice with airway remodeling. Methods A total of 30 SPF grade female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into three groups:con-trol(group A),asthmatic(group B),and vasoactive intestinal peptide treatment(group C). Aerosolized ovalbumin was used to establish the asth-matic mice model. Pathological changes of bronchial and lung tissues were observed by HE,the perimeter of basement membrane(Pbm),internal wall area(WAi)and smooth muscle area(WAm)in bronchial lung tissue were analyzed using the pathological image. The expression levels of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein in lung tissue were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. Results Pathologic changes including collagen deposition,in-filtration of inflammatory cells and smooth muscle layer thickness were found in group B. In addition,the WAi/Pbm and WAm/Pbm were significant-ly higher in group B than those of the group A(P<0.05),and lower in group C than in group B(P<0.05). The expression levels of TGF-β1mRNA and protein in group B were higher than both group A(P<0.05)and group C(P<0.05). Conclusion Vasoactive intestinal peptide may inhibit airway remodeling,which may be associated with reduced expression of TGF-β1.

Objective To investigate the effect of budesonide on NK-1 receptor expression in airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC). Methods According to the random method,45 wistar rats were divided into three groups: asthmatic group, budesonide treatment group and control group. Aerosolize ovalbumin was used to make asthmatic rat model. Budesonide treatment group were given budesonide after inhaled ovalbumin. On day 21 .primary rat ASMC culture was conducted. The fourth cell passage and purified ASMC was collected for RT-PCR. The content of NK-1R was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Data were expressed as mean±standard error (SE). The ANOVE Tukey test was carried out by using SPSS17.0 software and P＜0. 05 was considered significant. Results As compared with that of asthmatic group(1.1687±0.1356),NK-1R mRNA in therapy group( 1.0820 ±0. 1146) decreased significantly (P ＜0.05) ,but remained still higher than that of control group(1.034 7±0.2503) (P＜0. 05). Conclusion NK-1R may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Budesonide may down-regulate the expression of the NK-1R mRNA in the airway smooth muscle cell, which may inhibit inflammation in asthmatic attacks.

Objective To investigate the relationship between mine environment and hypertension in miners. Methods 1736 male miners who worked under the ground and 825 on the ground were recruited in this study. Prevalence of hypertension under the ground and on the ground miners was compared. Results Prevalence of hypertension of miners under the ground was 23.91% and on the ground was 15.52% (χ2 = 23.56,P <0.001 ). Compared to miners on the ground, the relative risk of hypertension under the ground workers was 1.71 (95% CI 1.38 - 2.13 ). Prevalence of hypertension was correlated to the years of ground working (χ2 = 37.00, P < 0.001 ). The binary logistic regression showed significant relationship between mine environment and hypertension under the ground miners ( OR = 1.05,95% CI 1.02 - 1.08 ).Conclusion The underground environment is an important risk factor hypertension to the miners.

Objective Investigate the effect of substance P and receptor antagonist on the current of NCX in ASMC.Methods Primary rat ASMC cultures were established.Immunofluorescence was used to identify ASMCs.Patch clamp exam was used to assess NCX currents in ASMC before and after intervented by Ach,substance P,NK-1R receptor antagonist and nimodiping,Voltage-current curves were drawn according to variation of voltage and current.PA indicates current amplitude,PF indicates cell area,and PA/PF indicates current density.Results As the voltage increased,the current density increased.When voltage up to-40mV the reverse current appeard.When the voltage is 60mV the current density in the Ach intervention group was highest,but lowest in the nimodipine intervention group;the current density in the substance P intervention group is more than in control group but lower than in Ach interevention group.The current density in the substance P receptor antagonist intervention group higher than nimodipine interevention goup,but lower than the other group (P ＜0.05).Conclusion In asthma airways,Ca2 + overload is related to the appearance of reverse-mode NCX.NK-1R antagonist plays a role in decreasing the Ca2 + concentration,which can relieve the current of reverse-mode NCX,and may benefit alleviating airway inflammation and responsiveness.As a result,NK-1R antagonist may be an attractive target for therapeutic approaches to asthma.

Objective To invstigate the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on asthma Balb/c mouse in IgE,IL-4 and IFN-γ of serum and lung tissue homogenates.Methods Thirty female Balb/c mice weighing 16-18 g (4 weeks old), SPF grade, were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (N), asthma group(A), asthma combined Lactobacillus salivarius group (AH).Acute asthma model was established by ovalbumin challenge method, mice were observed in behavioral changes, non-invasive method for the determination of airway responsiveness in mice, the changes in airway inflammation and the number changes of tracheal cilia were observed by pathological HE staining and the electron microscope.Respectively, the levels of IgE and IL-4/IFN-γin the serum and lung tissue homogenate were measured by ELISA.Results five ～ ten min after 4％ OVA saline solution atomization excitation mice in A group appeared obvious restlessness, head and facial itching, scratching, shortness of breath, perioral cyanosis with abdominal breathing, sneezing, stooping, forelimbs shrinkage, urine and feces incontinence and other asthma acute phase performances, The above reaction alleviated in AH group compared to A group;Pathology of HE staining in asthma group showed the thickening bronchial wall, narrow lumen, peribronchial and perivascular infiltration with a large number of eosinophil-based inflammatory cells,lumen with many inflannatory secretions,Pathological changes in lung tissue of mice in AH group significantly alleviated compared with asthma group;Under the electron microscope, the number of cilia in A group significantly decreased compared with N group, while AH group significantly increased compared with A group;Expression level of IgE,IL-4 in the serum and lung homogenate of A group was significantly higher than that of N group (P ＜ 0.05), the level of IFN-γexpression was significantly lower than N group (P ＜ 0.05), however the expression level of IgE, IL-4 in AH group significantly decreased compared with A group (P ＜ 0.05), and IFN-γexpression level elevated compared with A group(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Lavage with Lactobacillus salivarius before sensitization could alleviate clinical symptoms of asthmatic mice, partially correct Th1/Th2 imbalance as well as reduce airway infammafion.

In order to improve rational useage of inerferon in clinic,this article elaborate the background of this Specialists consensus on pediatric clinical application of recombinant human interferon-α1 b,the differences of various subtypes of interferon,the envidence and method of interferon-α1b clinical application,the satety and the adverse reaction monitoring issues in this article.