Objective To investigate the association of HLA-DRB1 alleles in Han population of Shanxi childrcn with nephrotic syndrome of non-IgA mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN). Methods HLA-DRB1 was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers technique, and twenty patients with nephrotic syndrome of non-IgA MsPGN were detected. Results Analysis of the fre- quencies of specific at the HLA-DRB1 loci revealed significantly higher frequencies of HLA-DRB1 * 11 al- leles among the nephrotic syndrome patients of non-IgA MsPGN comparing with controls (22. 50% vs 8.33%, x2= 9. 544, P = 0.002, CI = 1. 674-9.995, RR = 4.09). Nine patients with HLA-DRB1 * 11 all accompanied hematuria, hypertension or short renal insufficiency. Conclusion The results suggested that HLA-DRB1 * 11 alleles contribute to genetic susceptibility to nephritic syndrome of non-IgA MsPGN. The pa- tients with HLA-DRB1 *11 easy accompanied hematuria, hypertension or short renal insufficiency.

Objective To investigate the status and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Taiyuan. Methods A total of 549 children with ARTIs from November 2012 to May 2013 and November 2013 to May 2014 were recruited. The pharyngeal swab specimens were collected. The hMPV and HBoV were detected by using real-time PCR. Results In 549 children, 56 children (10.2%) were hMPV positive on swab specimens, 15 children (2.7%) were HBoV positive on swab specimens. The detection rates of hMPV and HBoV in November 2012 to May 2013 were 12.3%and 2.0%, respectively, and in November 2013 to May 2014 were 6.5%and 4.0%, respectively. The detection rate of hMPV was signiifcantly different between two periods (P<0.05), while the detection rate of HBoV has no signiifcant difference between two periods. In different months, the detection rate of hMPV and HBoV showed no signiifcant difference. The highest detection rates of hMPV and HBoV were all in children younger than two years old. The highest detection rate of hMPV was in children with asthmatic bronchitis or bronchiolitis. Conclusion In Taiyuan, during the monitoring periods, the ARITS are associated with childhood hMPV and HBoV infection especially in infants and toddlers. hMPV is one of the most important pathogens in infants and toddlers with wheezing.

Objective To evaluate the effect of methylene blue(MB)preconditioning on ischemi-a-reperfusion(I∕R)injury in isolated rat lungs. Methods Eighteen pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 months, weighing 240-320 g, were divided into 3 groups(n=6 each)using a ran-dom number table: sham operation group(group Sham), lung I∕R group(group I∕R)and methylene blue preconditioning group(group MB). A model of isolated lung I∕R injury was established in pentobarbi-tal sodium-anesthetized rats. MB 2 mg∕kg was intraperitoneally injected at 2 h before stopping perfusion in group MB. Isolated lungs were perfused for 20 min, followed by 45-min ischemia, and then reperfused for 60 min in I∕R and MB groups. At 60 min of reperfusion, the activity of lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)in the perfusate was detected, wet weight(W)and dry weight(D)was determined, W∕D ratio was calcu-lated, and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA), ATP, reactive oxygen species(ROS)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were measured in lung tissues. Mitochondria and cytoplasm were isolated from lung tis-sues for determination of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP), degree of mitochondrial swelling and content of cytochrome C(Cyt c)in cytoplasm. Apoptotic cells in lung tissues were detected using TUNEL, and apoptotic index was calculated. Results Compared with group Sham, the activity of LDH in perfu-sate, W∕D ratio, levels of ROS, MDA and Cyt c in cytoplasm and apoptosis index were significantly in-creased, the degree of mitochondrial swelling was aggravated, and the content of ATP and MMP were de-creased in I∕R and MB groups, and the SOD activity was significantly decreased in group I∕R(P<005). Compared with group I∕R, the activity of LDH in perfusate, W∕D ratio, levels of ROS, MDA and Cyt c in cytoplasm and apoptosis index were significantly decreased, the degree of mitochondrial swelling was attenu-ated, and the activity of SOD, content of ATP and MMP were increased in group MB(P<005). Con-clusion Methylene blue preconditioning can reduce I∕R injury in isolated rat lungs, and the mechanism may be related to improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between Yes-associated protein(YAP)nuclear expression and tumor size with prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer(EOC)and to study the role of YAP in EOC.Methods 120 patients with EOC were selected as the experimental group,including 38 patients with early stage(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)EOC and 8 2 patients with advanced stage(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)EOC.3 0 normal ovarian tissues obtained from patients with uterine leiomyoma were enrolled as the control group.Immunohistochemical(IHC)assay was em-ployed to determine YAP expression and sub-location.The relationship between YAP expression and the pathologi-cal parameters of the 120 patients with EOC was analyzed,so as to the prognosis of these patients.EOC cells(C13K and OV2008)were cultured with varying initial cell volumes.Ki67 expression and cell proliferation were tested by immunofluorescence and cloning assay respectively.YAP expression at mRNA and protein levels were de-tected by q-PCR and Western blot respectively when the cell conference of EOC cells reached to low(60％)and high(90％)cell density.Results The YAP nuclear expression was significantly higher in the EOC group com-pared to the control group(P＜0.05).The average diameter of stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ EOC was larger than that of stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ EOC(P＜0.01).The high nuclear expression of YAP was positively associated with pathological grade,clinical stage and the level of Ca125＞1 000 IU/ml,while negatively correlated with tumor size(all P＜0.05).Survival analyses showed that smaller tumor size(＜10 cm)and higher YAP nuclear expression were negatively as-sociated with the 3-year overall survival rate of EOC patients(P＜0.01).C13K and OV2008 cells cultured in the low density group exhibited a high number of clone formation,high Ki67 and YAP expression(P＜0.01).The down-regulation of YAP expression could decrease the cell viability of EOC cells in the low-and high-density groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion Higher level of YAP nuclear expression and smaller tumour size are inversely associated with the clinical prognosis of patients with EOC.Inhibiting YAP nuclear expression leads to a decrease in the prolif-eration capacity of EOC cells.

In order to prevent the canceration of gallbladder polyps or avoid the misdiagnosis of gallbladder cancer,the mainstream practice is cholecystectomy for polyps larger than 1 cm,while gallbladder polyps larger than 0.5 cm as an indication of gallbladder preserving surgery.The reasons for this result is that we put the diameter of more than 1 cm of gallbladder polyps as high risk factors for prediction of gallbladder carcinoma,and we ignored the characteristics of gallbladder polyps that most of them are not gallbladder cancer or are not cancerous even larger than 1 cm.We analysed the high risk factors for gallbladder cancer on the basis of variety of clinical data,and we believe that the most valuable indicator of gallbladder cancer are the growth time of gallbladder polyps,the age of the patients,the combination of gallstones,the single polyps,and the sex.Polyps diameter greater than 1 cm are not a high risk factor for gallbladder cancer.We can use these five high risk factors to manage gallbladder polyps and reduce unnecessary cholecystectomy and gallbladder preserving surgery.

Objective : To explore the influence of IL-6 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts ( CAFs) on pro- moting the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and the possible mechanisms． Methods : CAFs and normal ovarian fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated and cultured respectively from epithelial ovarian cancer and normal ovarian epithelial tissues．Cell markers alpha-smooth muscle actin ( α-SMA) ，E-cadherin were detected by West- ern blot and immunofluorescence． CAFs and normal ovarian fibroblasts ( NFs) were collected and cultured ，and their supernatants were used to establish an indirect co-culture system with ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells，including SKOV3 cells alone ( SKOV3 ) group ，SKOV3 combined with the supernatants of NFs ( NFs) group and SKOV3 combined with the supernatants of CAFs ( CAFs) group．Cell immunochemistry was used to detect the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) in SKOV3 cells co-cultured with the supernatant of CAFs or NFs．Before and after treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2 '-deoxycytidine ( 5-Aza-dC ) ， methylation-specific PCR (MSP ) ，Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR ( RT-qPCR ) ，enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ，and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and methylation status of ADH1B，and the phos- phorylation level of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) ．The cell counting kit-8 ( CCK- 8) method and Transwell assay were used to investigate the effects of the IL-6 inhibitor LMT-286 and recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) on cell proliferation and invasion. Results : The protein levels of α-SMA was highly expressed，however，CAFs and NFs cells almost lacked the E-cadherin protein． Compared with the SKOV3 and NFs groups ，CAFs group exhibited significantly downregulated mRNA and protein expression of ADH1B． After treatment with 5-Aza-dC，ADH1B methylation was partially reversed ，and the mRNA and protein expression of ADH1B increased in all groups．The phosphorylation level of STAT3 proteins was significantly reduced in CAFs group，while there were no significant changes in SKOV3 and NFs groups．Intervention with LMT-286 and rhIL-6 only inhibited or promoted the proliferation and invasion of cells in CAFs group，while there were no significant changes in SKOV3 and NFs groups． Conclusion CAFs can enhance the methylation of ADH1B in ovarian cancer cells via IL-6 / STAT3 pathway，and may promote the proliferation and invasion.