Objective To understand the making of laws and regulations for banning smoking in the public places in big cities in China and to provide the reference for making a national code.Methods The methods of literature search and review were employed,as well as questionnaire survey.Results 45.7% of the big cities had the relevant local laws and(or)regulations and 10.4% of the codes were issued by the local People's Congress,1.3% by the other institutions.Definitions used in the local legal and regulatory codes are different.Of the local legal and regulatory codes,17.4% involved four to six types of the public places,68.7% involved seven to eight types and 13.9% involved nine to ten types.Among the codes,8.6% provided that smoke ban inspector should be appointed by the authority in charge,31.9% required the department where smoking is banned to appoint the inspector,58.6% did not request the appointment at all.As for the violating law unit,9.6% of the codes issued a fine of 5-500 Yuan,20.0% issued a fine of 500-1 000 Yuan,10.4% issued a fine of 1 000-2 000 Yuan and 9.6% issued a fine of 2 000-5 000 Yuan.As for the violating law individual,12.1% of the codes issued a 1-5 Yuan fine,22.4% issued a 5-10 Yuan and 10.3% issued a 20-100 Yuan.In 5.8% of the big cities,the codes were revised.Conclusion Up to now,there is no a national law for banning smoking in the public places in China.The effect of the local laws and regulations on banning smoking in the public places is not satisfactory.China still has a long way to go in controlling smoking in the public places compared with the advanced countries.

0.05).Patients with mucitis of the study group and the control group were 0 and 7.The difference in statistics analysis was significant(P

BACKGROUND: Based on the characteristics of cartilage tissue, such as consisting of single type of cells, the cartilage cells or chondrocyte, absence of blood vessel, rather low consumption level of oxygen and nutrition, low level of allo-immunocompetence and simple function in vivo, it seems to be easy for cartilage cell lines to be established for tissue and cell transplantation. We want to set up a cell line with the purpose of current use in tissue engineering in vitro. It will provide the basis for artificial tissue and organ that will become to be standardized and yielded in batch.OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential stimulatory effects of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) and insulin on the proliferation and differentiation in primary culture mice chondrocytes in vitro. The effect and application of the cell factors will be evaluated for tissue engineering.DESIGN: A grouping controlled and repeated trial was conducted with the cells as the subjects.SETTING: Key laboratory of tissue transplantation and immunology of a college.MATERIAIS: The experiment was completed in the Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University from November 2002 to May 2003. Cultured cartilage cells at random were obtained as the study objects.METHODS: Mice cartilage cells were cultured in medium at the minimum concentrations of serum. The effects of different concentration of bFGF and insulin on the proliferation and differentiation in mice cartilage cells were observed with WST1 and immunofluorescence staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary results: ① Effect of bFGF on proliferation of primary cultured mice cartilage cells. ② Effect of insulin on proliferation of primary cultured mice cartilage cells. Secondary results:morphological observation of cartilage cells RESULTS: Primary cultured mice cartilage cells were cultured in medium at the minimum concentration of serum(4 g/L fatal bovine serum). It was found that bFGF and insulin might play an important role on the proliferation and growth of mice cartilage cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, morphological observation of cartilage cells showed that both bFGF and insulin not only promoted the proliferation of the cells but also enhanced the matrix secretion of cartilage cells.CONCLUSION: Both bFGF and insulin can stimulate the proliferation of cartilage cells in vitro.

Objective To study the influence of the different tidal volume on hemodynamics,pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary mechanics during mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury.Methods To adopt contrast method,making use of the VIIP +0.196 kPa of P-V curve to decide PEEP,then according to the VUIP of P-V curve,obtaining the three different data of humidity 100%Vt,85% Vt and 70 Vt.At the same time,monitoring the change of static compliance,the changing of hemodynamics and P-V curve.Results 85%Vt group was better than 100%Vt group and 70%Vt group in the heart rates,CVP,PaO_2,the peak airway pressure(PIP) and mean pressure(Pm),Cst,PaO_2/FiO_2.Conclusions When insuring the PEEP data in low inflection point pressure (Pinf) of breathing system P-V curve,and 85% humidity in upper inflection point pressure,which is in accordance with individual protecting breathing strategy.The curative effect is the best for improving static compliance and decreasing the harm of lung injury.The change of pressure-volume curve should be paid attention to in nursing.

Objective To investigate the regulation of melatonin (MT) on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in diabetic db/db mice kidneys.Methods The 48 10-week-old male db/db mice were randomly divided into db/db group,db/db+MT 50 μg/kg group,db/db+MT 100 μg/kg group and db/db+MT 200 μg/kg group,each consisting of 12 mice.These mice received i.p.injections of MT These mice received i.p.injections of MT [dissoved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS)/ dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution,given every day].Alternatively,12 db/m mice served as the control group.db/m and db/db group were injected i.p.with the same volume of PBS/DMSO solution.The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks of dosage administration.Blood glucose (BG),body weight (BW),kidney weight (KW) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were determined;Kidney pathological lesions were evaluated by renal pathological staining.Immunohistochemistry of renal TLR4,NF-κB p65,and ED-1 was performed to determine the immunoreactivity.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of renal TLR4,myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),TIR-domaincontaining adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF),interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and NF-κB p65,while the mRNA expressions of renal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were evaluated by real-time PCR.Results Compared with control group,the levels of BG,BW,KW and UAER were much higher in db/db mice group (P ＜ 0.01),while KW in db/db+MT (100,200 μg/kg) groups and UAER level in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups were distinctly decreased compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.01).In week 12 db/db mice,the glomerular mesangial expansion index and tubulointerstitial injury index were increased compared with those in db/m mice (P ＜ 0.01).The above kidney histopathologic lesions were distinctly ameliorated by 50,100,200 μg/kg MT (P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry intensity of renal TLR4,NF-κB p65 and ED-1 displayed obvious differences between db/m mice and db/db mice (P ＜ 0.01),and that were remarkably decreased in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) mice compared with db/db mice (P ＜ 0.05).Western blotting showed that the protein expression of renal TLR4,MyD88,TRIF,IRF-3 and NF-κB p65 were stronger in db/db group compared with those in db/m group (P ＜ 0.05) and weaker in db/db+ MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.05).Futhermore,the mRNA expressions of renal MCP-1 and TNF-α were higher in db/db group compared with those in db/m group (P ＜ 0.01) and lower in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Melatonin may partly down-regulate TLR4 signaling pathway to inhibit Inflammatory reaction and alleviate kidney injury in diabetic db/db mice.

Objective To analyze the nursing interventions of two kinds of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL),so that we can provide personalized service for patients with PCNL and improved quality of nursing. Methods 140 cases of patients undergoing PCNL were chosen from January 2010 to January 2012.70 of them received standard PCNL,another 70 cases were given tubeless PCNL.The same nursing method was given before the operation,and personalized nursing was given according to difference in operation method.A self-designed questionnaire was conducted for satisfaction degree with nursing service of all patients on discharge. Results Satisfaction degree with psychological care,catheter nursing and complication nursing of tubeless PCNL was higher than standard PCNL. Conclusions Two methods of PCNL have become conventional therapy for upper urinary calculus,and careful nursing is very important,especially for tubeless PCNL.

Objective:To observe the inhibitory effect on ?-glucosidase of 10 kinds Chinese herbs and to screen the Chinese herbal medicines which have great inhibitory effect on ?-glycosidase.Methods:The ?-glucosidase was extracted from small intestine of rat.The amount of glucose was measured with produced from substrate of malt sugar.The inhibitory effect of 10 kinds of Chinese herbs on ?-glucosidase was observed by this enzyme reaction system.Then disposable gastric perfused malt sugar(2 g/kg) and the extraction screened at the same time,detected the levels of blood glucose after 60 min.The positive control group is acarbose(ACAR) group.Results:The three kinds Chinese herbs(Chishao,Shanzhuyu and Sangbaipi) showed very good inhibitory activities,and they showed obviously concentration-effect curve relationship.Among them,the inhibitary activity of Sangbaipi is stronger than Chishao and Shanzhuyu.While the dose of Sangbaipi reached 10mg/mL,the inhibition rate arrived 80%,which effect was equivalet to the dose of 1mg/ml acarbose.The results of postprandial blood glucose in vitro showed us:Sangbaipi,Chishao and Shanzhuyu can inhibit postprandial blood glucose levels in rats that have been disposable gastric perfused malt sugar after 60min(P0.05).Conclusion:The three kinds of Chinese herbs(Chishao,Shanzhuyu and Sangbaipi) can inhibit ?-glucosidase activity obviously in both vitro and vivo.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis, to find common allergens of Changsha and to provide statistic basis for a reasonable prevention and treatment. METHOD: The allergens in 1437 patients with allergic rhinitis in Changsha were detected by skin prick test. RESULT: Eight hundred and ninety-eight (62.49%)of 1437 cases presented positive reaction. Among positive cases in inhalation group, the most common allergen was flour mite (98.33%), then were house dust mite (94.54%), mycetes II (19.27%) and weed (18.37%). Shrimp (35.41%) was the most common allergens in food group. And in childhood, adolescence and adulthood prick-positive cases, the ratio of more than 2 positive allergens were about 8.57%,18.04%, 19.15%. CONCLUSION The study shows that the flour mite and house dust mite are the most common allergens in Changsha.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Allergens ; analysis ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mites ; Prevalence ; Pyroglyphidae ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; epidemiology ; Skin Tests ; Young Adult

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of referral colposcopy in cervical high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) positive women in cervical cancer screening.Methods:Totally 2 445 cases, which were referred for colposcopic cervical biopsy for cervical HR-HPV positive in Karamay Central Hospital from January 2018 to November 2021 were collected. The status of cervical HR-HPV positive transferred colposcopy in different situations to identify high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and above (HISL+ ) was analyzed. The value of referral colposcopy in cervical HR-HPV positive women under different conditions was evaluated.Results:2 445 HR-HPV positive women were referred for colposcopic cervical biopsy, which confirmed 1 447 cases of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), 362 cases of low grade squamous intraepithelia lesion (LSIL), 510 cases of HSIL and 126 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); The complete coincidence rate between colposcopy diagnosis and pathological diagnosis was 67.08%(1 640/2 445), and the Kappa value of consistency test was 0.489. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy in the diagnosis of LSIL+ were 91.28% and 69.38%, and HSIL+ were 74.52% and 93.15%. The detection rates of HSIL+ in HPV16/18 positive and other 12 HPV positive patients with abnormal cervical liquid based cytology (TCT) were 64.78%(103/159) and 78.79%(364/462), respectively. The positive rates of HPV16/18 and 12 other HPV positive HSIL+ with normal TCT were 16.46%(82/498) and 6.56%(87/1 326), respectively. The rate of detecting HSIL+ in abnormal areas under colposcopy was 44.69%(534/1 195), and that in routine biopsy was 8.16%(102/1 250).Conclusions:Among the referred for colposcopic cases, the detection rate of HSIL+ was higher in cases with cervical HR-HPV positive and TCT abnormalities. Colposcopy has obvious value in identifying cervical lesions. The accurate diagnosis of cervical lesions is based on cervical biopsy under colposcopy.