Based on the Delphi method, combined with the results of the previous literature study and expert interviews, 3 rounds of expert consultation were conducted to evaluate the degree of concentration of expert opinions and their importance from 3 aspects: arithmetic mean, full score ratio ( Ki), and rank sum ( Si), to construct a diagnostic scale for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cold-dampness syndrome. In this study, 30 expert questionnaires were distributed in the 1st round, 30 questionnaires were recovered, and the expert coordination coefficient was 0.309; 30 expert questionnaires were distributed in the 2nd round, 30 questionnaires were recovered, and the expert coordination coefficient was 0.320; and 30 expert questionnaires were distributed in the 3rd round, 29 questionnaires were recovered, and the expert coordination coefficient was 0.387. The maximum value of the coefficient of variation of the experts of the 3 rounds was 0.27, and the minimum value was 0.09, suggesting that the consistency and credibility of the experts' evaluation of the importance of the entries of cold-dampness syndrome were high. In this study, the mean values and weights of 17 entries were finally obtained, of which the top 5 entries were cold pain in joints (4.793, 0.066 6); aggravated by cold (4.586, 0.063 7); white tongue coating (4.552, 0.063 2); aggravated in cloudy and rainy days (4.448, 0.061 8); and painful joints that are not warm to the touch (4.379, 0.060 8). This study completed the screening of relevant entries and conducted preliminary discussions, laying the foundation for constructing a diagnostic scale for RA cold-dampness syndrome and forming the final diagnostic criteria. The research method is scientific and reliable, which can provide reference for the diagnostic standard of RA cold-dampness syndrome, but further clinical practice research is still needed.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the pestle needling therapy on the vibration perception threshold (VPT) and the quality of life (QOL) in the patients of high-risk diabetic foot. METHODS: A total of 132 patients of high risk diabetic foot were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 66 cases in each one. In the control group, the routine treatment and nursing for diabetes were applied. In the observation group, on the base of the treatment as the control group, the pestle needling therapy was used at , , , Zusanli (ST 36), Yongquan (KI 1), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Taixi (KI 3). The intervention with the pestle needling therapy was given once every day, consecutively for 4 weeks. The follow-up visit was conducted in 3 months and 6 months after the intervention. Vibration perception threshold (VPT) was observed before and after intervention in the two groups. Separately, before intervention, at the end of intervention, 3 months after intervention and 6 months after intervention, the type 2 diabetes mellitus quality life scale (DMQLS), the revised edition was adopted to compare the QOL between the two groups. The effects were evaluated in the two groups. RESULTS: After intervention, the VPT and QOL were all improved in the two groups (<0.01, <0.05). In the observation group, after intervention, VPT at the first toes and the dorsum of the feet was lower than the control group at the same time point (all <0.01). In the observation group, the total scores and the score of each dimension item in the DMQLS of the revised edition were all lower than the control group correspondently at the end of intervention, 3 months after intervention and 6 months after intervention (<0.01, <0.05). The repeated ANOVA results showed that the differences were significant in the total scores and the score of each dimension in the aspects of time, inter-group and interaction effect (<0.01, <0.05). The total scores and score of each dimension item in the DMQLS were lower than those the earlier time point (<0.01, <0.05). The total effective rate was 100.0% in the observation group, which was superior to 95.1% (59/62) in the control group (<0.05). CONCLUSION The pestle needling therapy reduces the foot VPT and improves the sensory nerve function of the foot and the QOL in the patients of high-risk diabetic foot.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Foot ; therapy ; Humans ; Perception ; Quality of Life ; Vibration

BACKGROUNDThere is no large population-based study of the distribution and changing trend of strabismus surgeries in China. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and the changing trend of strabismus surgery in a tertiary hospital of China.

METHODSA retrospective study of all the strabismus surgeries performed in Beijing Tongren Eye Center from 2003 to 2012 was carried out. Characteristics analyzed included the type of strabismus, age, and gender.

RESULTSTotally 26 524 strabismus surgeries were performed in Tongren Eye Center during the 10-year period. The number of surgeries increased steadily from 1 507 in 2003 to 3 482 in 2008 and slightly decreased to 3 124 in 2009, but there was a sharp drop to 2 569 in 2010 and then kept relatively steady at 2 760 in 2011 and 2 463 in 2012. Intermittent exotropia (30.3%) was the most common among all kinds of strabismus. The number of strabismus surgeries performed on children under 12 years of age (43.60%) was significantly higher than those of the other age groups (P < 0.05). Unilateral superior oblique paralysis was the most common subtype of paralytic strabismus (8.64%).

CONCLUSIONSThe type distribution of strabismus surgery has changed during the recent decade. The age and type distribution of different strabismus remained basically constant, among which intermittent exotropia was the most common.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Oculomotor Muscles ; Retrospective Studies ; Strabismus ; surgery ; Tertiary Care Centers ; statistics & numerical data

Objective: To investigate the status of self-measurement of body weight in overweight and obese adults in China and identify the related factors. Methods: A total of 87 670 adults were enrolled in this study, who were selected through multi stage cluster random sampling from 177 099 residents aged ≥18 years in 302 surveillance areas in China where the fourth chronic non-communicable disease and related factor surveillance project was conducted in 2013. The information about their demographic characteristics and body weight measurement were collected by using questionnaire. Their body height, body weight, waist circumstance and blood pressure were measured respectively through physical examination. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained and assayed for FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C levels. Venous blood samples after 75 g glucose intake were obtained and assayed for OGTT-2h level. The proportion of self-body weight measurement were analyzed after complex sample weighting. Results: The proportion of overweight and obese adults who had self-body weight measurement within 1 week, 1 month and 1 year were 18.9%, 23.0% and 30.2%, respectively. The proportion of those having self-body weight measurement within 1 week was higher in men than in women, and lowest in ≥60 years old group (P<0.05). The proportion of overweight and obese adults who had never measured their body weight was 20.5%, the proportion was higher in women than in men, and highest in ≥60 years old group (P<0.05). Older age (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.64-0.82) was risk factor for self-body weight measurement; female (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19), higher education level (junior college and above OR=3.79, 95%CI: 2.89-4.97), high- income (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.31-1.98), dyslipidemia (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.04-1.23), diabetes (OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.03-1.30) were the protective factors for self-body weight measurement. Conclusion It is necessary to promote self-body weight measurement in overweight and obese adults in China. Targeted health education should be carried out for different groups to encourage regular self-body weight measurement to maintain healthy body weight.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of MS in elderly people aged ≥60 years and its related factors in China and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of MS in the elderly. Methods: Data used in this study were obtained from the 2013 Chinese Chronic Diseases and Risk Factor Surveillance Program. A total of 50 497 people aged ≥60 years were selected and interviewed through multistage stratified cluster sampling at 298 surveillance sites in 31 provinces. According to the Chinese MS diagnostic criteria proposed by the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Branch in 2017, the prevalence rates of different MS forms were compared, and the main related factors were analyzed. Results: The prevalence rate of MS was 36.9% (95%CI: 35.4-38.5). The prevalence rate was higher in urban area than in the rural area, higher in females than in males, higher in eastern area than in western area. The prevalence rate of MS in elderly people aged ≥70 years was lower than that in those aged 60-69 years. The rate in the elderly with higher education and income levels was higher than that in the elderly with lower socioeconomic level. The comparison of the prevalence of the five forms of MS in the elderly showed that hypertension had the highest prevalence rate (72.8%), followed by hyperglycemia (41.7%) and central obesity (37.6%). The prevalence rates of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C were 25.8% and 17.5%. The risk for MS in women was 1.20 times higher than that in men. Age, gender, education level, living area and urban or rural residence were the main factors influencing the prevalence of MS. Smoking, drinking and physical activity levels were correlated with MS. Conclusions The risk for MS was higher in women than in men in China’s elderly population, and the risk was related to socioeconomic level and life behaviors. It is recommended to carry out lifestyle interventions, such as increasing exercise and having reasonable diet for the elderly patients with MS. Hypertension and diabetes patients also need to be treated with drugs to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.

Objective: To understand the control attempts of body weight and its related factors among overweight and obese adults in China. Methods: Data was from the 2013 Chinese Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Surveillance Program, which covered 302 surveillance sites. 179 570 adults, selected through multistage stratified cluster sampling method, were interviewed. Demographic characteristics and weight-control attempts were collected via face-to-face interview. BMI, waist circumstance and blood pressure were individually measured under physical examination. Venous blood samples were obtained and tested for FPG, OGTT-2h, TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C. A total of 87 545 overweight and obese patients were included in this study, with the exclusion of 152 patients having the missed critical information. Rates on weight control and attempts were analyzed, using the complex weighting on samples to represent the overall overweight and obese adults in China. Results: The rate of weight-control attempts was 16.3% (95%CI: 14.9%-17.7%). Among all the 12 133 patients who had undergone weight-control measures, the proportions of different attempts were as follows: diet (40.9%, 95%CI: 38.4%-43.3%), combination of diet and physical activity (31.5%, 95%CI: 28.9%-34.0%), physical activity (22.8%, 95%CI: 21.0%-24.6%) and drug control (1.3%, 95%CI: 1.0%-1.7%). Factors as: being female (OR=1.26, 95%CI: 1.15-1.38), at younger age (18-44 years old, OR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.31-1.74), with high education levels (college degree or above, OR=4.52, 95%CI: 3.76-5.43), having high annual income (≥24 000 Yuan, OR=1.94, 95%CI: 1.63-2.30) etc., appeared as favorable factors for taking the measures vs. rural residency (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.55- 0.72) as the unfavorable one. Conclusion The rate of weight-control attempts appeared low among the overweight and obese adults who were affected by factors as age, education and income level. Personalized intervention measures should be carried out for people with different characteristics.