Objective Meta-analysis was performed to compare the myocardial protection of sevoflurane versus propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods Electronic databases were searched to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published to September 2008 which compared sevoflurane with propofol in patients undergoing CABG surgery. Two authors independently assessed the quality of each study to meet the inclusion criteria and extracted perioperative data, including patients' preoperative information (baseline characteristics, heart function, disease history and situation of medication), surgical variables (number of grafts and iachemia time) and outcome data such us cardiac index after CPB, postoperative cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ) levels, mechanical ventilation time, positive inotropic drugs, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay length, postoperative mortality, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia and atrial fibrillation. Then Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0 software. Results A total of 696 patients from 13 prospective RCTs were inchided in the Meta analysis, 402 out of 696 patients were allocated into sevoflurane group, and 294 into propofol group. There were no significant differences in postoperative mechanical ventilation time, usage rate of positive inotropic drugs, postoperative mortality, incidence of myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). Cardiac index after CPB was significantly higher, postoperative cTnl level and incidence of postoperative myocardial ischernia lower, and ICU and hospital stay length shorter in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Sevoflunme has better myocardial protection than propofol in patients undergoing CABG surgery.

Objective To evaluate the effect of different sevoflurane postconditioning on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG ) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB ) .Methods Seventy-five NYHA class Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients ,aged 46-72 yr ,weighing 57-90 kg ,scheduled for elective CABG with CPB ,were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=15 each) using a random number table :control group (groupⅠ) , postconditioning with continuous administration of 1.7% sevoflurane group (groupⅡ a ) , postconditioning with continuous administration of 3.4% sevoflurane group (group Ⅲa) ,postconditioning with interrupted administration of 1.7% sevoflurane group (Ⅱb) and postconditioning with interrupted administration of 3.4% sevoflurane group (group Ⅲb) .Sevoflurane was not given in group Ⅰ .In Ⅱa group ,after the anastomotic stomas of the internal mammary artery to anterior descending artery were released ,the patients continuously inhaled 1.7% sevoflurane for 15 min .In Ⅱb group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released .In Ⅲa group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released , the patients continuously inhaled 3.4% sevoflurane for 15 min , the patients inhaled 1.7%sevoflurane for 5 min first ,inhalation was interrupted for 5 min ,and then inhalation was recovered lasting for 5 min ,and it was 15 min in total .In Ⅲb group ,after the anastomotic stomas were released ,the patients inhaled 3.4% sevoflurane for 5 min first ,inhalation was interrupted for 5 min ,and then inhalation was recovered lasting for 5 min ,and it was 15 min in total .Venous blood samples were taken for determination of the plasma creatine kinase ,creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB , lactic dehydrogenase , and cardiac troponin I concentrations before CPB and at 6 and 24 h after operation .Myocardial specimens were obtained from the right auricle before CPB and after termination of CPB for microscopic examination of the ultrastructure .Results Compared with group Ⅰ , the concentration of cardiac troponin Ⅰ was significantly decreased at 6 and 24 h after operation ( P<0.05) ,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters in Ⅱb group ( P>0.05 ) .The pathological changes were significantly attenuated in sevoflurane postconditioning groups as compared with group Ⅰ ,especially in Ⅱb group . Conclusion Postconditioning with continuous administration of 3.4% sevoflurane for 15 min can attenuate myocardial damage in patients undergoing CABG with CPB .

Objective To investigate influence of ulinastation in storage period on apoptosis of suspended erythrocyte.Methods RBCs were treated with saline (control group) and different doses of ulinastatin (5,000, 10,000 and 50,000 U/mL in group C1, C2 and C3, respectively).samples were detected when stored at 0,7,14,21,28,35 d,respectively.Indicators of corpuscular volume,phosphatidylserine extroversion rate and intracellular Ca2 +concentration were analyzed by flow cytometer.Results The phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposure levels of 4 groups started to increase on 14 day(P<0.05). Cells of the control group, group C1 and C2 began to shrink remarkably on day 21, while that of Group C3 on 28 day.The intracellular Ca2 +levels of the control group and group C1 started to increase significantly on day 35, (t=16.33,t=14.66,P<0.05).one Ca2 +levels of group C1,C2 and C3 increased on day 14.From 21 to 35 day, the intracellular Ca2 +levels of group C2 and C3 were no significant compared with control group.Conclusion During the storage period, suspended erythrocyteapoptosis increase with time prolonged, adding suitable amount of ulinastatin in stock solution can inhibit apoptosis in damage at some level.

Objective To evaluate the effect of gender and treatment strategy on remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC)-induced reduction of myocardial damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods We systematically searched the literature in PubMed,EMBase,and Cochrane Library (from Feb 1990 to Feb 2012) using the related keywords.Randomized control trials (RCTs) published in English with report on postoperative biomarkers of myocardial damage concerning RIPC-induced myocardial protection in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were included.Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated.Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate the reliability of overall enzymatic estimate.Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the potential sources of significant heterogeneity among results of studies.Data were analyzed using Stata 12.0.Results Thirteen RCTs involving 985 patients were included in our study.Compared with controls,RIPC significantly reduced postoperative serum levels of biomarkers of myocardial damage with significant heterogeneity (SMD=-0.539; 95％CI:-0.926to-0.152; P＜0.05; I2 =88.7％,P＜0.01).No evidence of obvious publication bias was observed (P =0.083,Begg' s test; P =0.077,Egger' s test).Sensitivity analysis showed that each individual study produced no effect on the direction and magnitude of the overall effect size (P ＜ 0.05).Meta-regression analysis revealed that male (％) (coefficient =0.02 ; 95 ％ CI:-0.002-0.042 ; P =0.070 ; adjusted R2 =19.61％) and total ischemic time (min) (coefficient=-0.08; 95％CI:-0.154-0.002; P =0.055; adjusted R2 =19.47％) were the two major influential factors.Conclusion Gender affects RIPC-induced reduction of myocardial damage after cardiac surgery in patients,RIPC-induced reduction of myocardial damage infemale patients is superior to that in male patients and a better efficacy can be achieved by prolonging the single ischemic time or by increasing the ischemic cycles.

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on myocardial ischemiareperfusion(I/R)injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG)with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Forty NYHA Ⅰ -Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 55-64 yr,with BMI ＜ 30 kg/m2,scheduled for CABG under CPB,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n = 20): control group(group C)and sevoflurane postconditioning group(group S).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam and/or etomidate,fentanyl and rocuronium.Patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propefol and intermittent iv injection of fentanyl and pipecuronium.In group S,2% sevoflurane was inhaled continuously for 15 min immediately after aortic unclamping.After anesthesia induction,before CPB,10 min after the end of CPB,at the end of operation,and 6 and 24 h after operation,MAP,HR,CVP,mean pulmonary arterial pressure,pulmonary arterial wedge pressure,CO and S(v)O2 were recorded,and CI,SVI,systemic vascular resistance index and pulmonary vascular resistance index were calculated.Blood samples were taken from central vein before aortic clamping,at 6 h of reperfusion and 24 h after operation for determination of plasma creatine kinase(CK),creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK- M B)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activities and tropenin I(TnI)concentrations.Myocardial tissues were obtained from right auricle before aortic clamping and at the end of CPB for observation of the ultrastructure and the severity of myocardial injury was assessed.Results There was no significant difference in hemodynamics and parameters of cardiac function between the two groups(P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group C,plasma CK-MB and LDH activities at 6 h of reperfusion and plasma CK activity and TnI concentrations at 24 h after operation were significantly decreased and the myocardial injury was significantly reduced after the end of CPB in group S(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning can protect myocardium against I/R injury induced by CPB in patients undergoing CABG.

Objective To investigate the influence of intraoperative thermostasis over respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in patients undergoing radical operation for lung cancer.Methods Thirty-two ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients scheduled for radical operation for lung cancer under general anesthesia were randomized into two groups ( n = 16 each): control group (Group C) and warming group (Group W). The patients in Group C were kept warm by routine measures such as using woollen blankets, while the patients in Group W were kept warm by force-air warming system and fluid warming device as soon as the patients were admitted to the operation room. Rectal and axillary temperatures were continuously monitored as the core and surface temperature, respectively. The core temperature was maintained at the preoperative level (baseline). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam, fentanyl and propofol. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide and intermittent i.v. boluses of fentanyl, midazolam and vecuronium. Venous blood samples were obtained before, during and at the end of surgery for normal blood analysis and respiratory burst of PMNs which included activated PMNs count and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.Results (1) WBC and PMN counts were significantly increased during and after operation as compared with the baseline values before operation in both groups and there was no significant difference in WBC and PMN counts between the two groups. (2)Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulation resulted in higher intraoperative and postoperative activated PMN counts in both groups and higher postoperative ROS production in Group W. Postoperative ROS production was significantly higher in Group W than in Group C. (3) The PMN counts without stimulation activation during operation and intra- and post-operative ROS production were significantly decreased as compared with the baseline values before operation in Group C, while in Group W there was no significant difference in pre-, intra- and post-operative activated PMN counts and ROS production. The intraoperative PMN counts and intra- and post-operative ROS productions were significantly higher in Group W than in Group C.Conclusion Intraoperative thermostasis can effectively maintain activated PMN count and ROS production without stimulation and enhance ROS production with stimulation in patients undergoing radical operation for lung cancer.

Objective: To study subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with its treatment in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: A total of 1500 patients received CABG by the same surgical team in our hospital from 2010-06 to 2014-03 were retrospectively studied. According to thyroid function, the patients were divided into 2 groups: SCH group,n=107 and Normal group, n=1393. With 1:4 propensity score matching, there were 104 patients in SCH group and 416 patients in Normal group enrolled in our research. The rates of intra-aortic balloom pumping (IABP) implantation and peri-operational blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation time, new onsets of stroke, myocardial infarction and atrial ifbrillation, malignant arrhythmia, acute kidney injury and in-hospital mortality were observed. The outcome of treatment was assessed by single- and multi-factor analysis. Results: Compared with Normal group, SCH group showed increased mechanical ventilation time (23.3±47.9) h vs (15.0±5.5) h, P<0.05; more patients had mechanical ventilation time>12 h (89.4% vs 78.8%),P<0.05 and more patients had IABP implantation (3.8% vs 0.72%),P<0.05. SCH was related to mechanical ventilation time>12 h (OR=2.363, 95% CI 1.183-4.516) and IABP implantation (OR=6.126, 95% CI 1.190-31.537). The in-hospital death and other events were similar between 2 groups,P>0.05. Conclusion: Our research indicated that SCH was related to mechanical ventilation time and IABP implantation in patients after CABG.

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronically-infarcted rat hearts.Methods Left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to induce myocardial infarction in male Sperague-Dawley rats.Six weeks later,chronically-infarcted hearts were isolated and passively perfused in a Langendorff apparatus.Eighty chronically-infarcted hearts were randomized into 8 groups (n =10 each)∶ Ⅰ-Ⅷ groups.In group Ⅰ,hearts were continously perfused with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution for 90 min.In group Ⅱ,hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia,followed by 60 min of reperfusion.In groups Ⅲ to Ⅵ,hearts were exposed to 30 min of global ischemia,specific phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 15 μmol/L and mitogen-activated extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 20 μmol/L,0.02％ dimethyl sulfoxide,and K-H solution saturated with 3％ sevoflurane were administered,respectively,during the first 15 min of reperfusion,followed by perfusion with plain K-H solution for 45 min.In groups Ⅶ and Ⅷ,hearts were exposed to 30 min of global isehemia,K-H solution saturated with 3％sevoflurane was given during the first 15 min of reperfusion,LY294002 15 μmol/L and PD98059 20 μmol/L were simultaneously administered,respectively,followed by perfusion with plain K-H solution for 45 min.Coronary flow (CF),left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP),± dp/dt,left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded after 20 min of equilibration (baseline,T0),immediately before ischemia (T1),and at 15,30 and 60 min of reperfusion (T2-4).The concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the collected coronary effluent were determined at T0 and T4.Acute myocardial infarct size was determined at T4.Left ventricular tissue samples were collected at T2 to measure the phosphorylation of protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt),and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and degree of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (rnPTP) opening.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,LVDP,± dp/dt,HR and CF were significantly decreased,LVEDP was increased,the acute myocardial infarct size was enlarged,and the concentrations of LDH and CK-MB in the coronary effluent and degree of mPTP opening were increased during reperfusion in groups Ⅱ-Ⅷ (P ＜ 0.05).LVDP,± dp/dt,HR and CF were significantly higher,LVEDP was lower,the acute myocardial infarct size was smaller,the concentrations of LDH and CK-MB in the coronary effluent were lower,the phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and ERK1/2 was higher,and the degree of mPTP opening was lower during reperfusion in group Ⅵ than in group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning protects chronically-infarcted rat hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating PI3K-PKB/Akt and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and inhibiting mPTP opening.