Objective To establish an epidemic dynamics model of the transmission and prevention strategies of rotavirus infection in hospital.Methods Rotavirus SEIR model based on different isolation measures was constructed using epidemic dynamics method, the effectiveness of isolation measures was evaluated.Results Supposing that all patients were isolated, isolation measures were taken on the 3rd day of transmission, there were 4.3 cases of infection on the 5th day of transmission, peaked on the 7th day(n=6.4), until the 14th day of transmission, the number of infected persons fell to 3.4 cases.If isolation measures were taken on the 2nd day of transmission, the infected persons reached 4.0 on the 6th day, and reduced to 3.2 cases on the 8th day.If isolation measures were taken on the 1st day of transmission, the infected persons reached 2.4 at most, healthcare-associated infection would not occur.Early isolation can effectively prevent the outbreak of rotavirus infection, the later the isolation, the more the infection occurs and the longer the outbreak lasts.Conclusion Rotavirus infection can easily break out in hospital, early discovery and early isolation of rotavirus infected child is the effective measure to avoid rotavirus infection outbreak in hospital.

Objective To analyze MRI findings and its clinical significance in complications of polyamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty. Methods The complication findings of MR imaging in 20 cases with polyamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results In 20 patients, 26 breasts suffered from complications, including infection (n=5) with pieces of long T_1and long T_2 signals, aseptic inflammation (n=2) with pieces of slight long T_1and moderate T_2 signals, hard nodule (n=10) with long T_1 and long T_2 signals, and rupture (n=5) with pieces and nodes of long T_1 and long T_2 signals on MR images. Conclusion MRI has the great diagnostic value in the detection of complications after polyamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty, and it should be taken as the first diagnostic choice.

Objective To analyze Candida species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in Qingdao and surrounding areas.Methods Vaginal discharge specimens were collected from 362 patients with suspected vulvovaginal candidiasis in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College from May 2011 to November 2011,and subjected to routine fungal culture.The Candida isolates were identified by using Sabouraud dextrose agar,CHROMagar medium,germ tube test with serum,and API 20C AUX Clinical Yeast System.Results Totally,313 (86.46％) Candida strains were isolated from the specimens of 362 patients.Of these Candida strains,275 were identified as Candida albicans,38 as non-albicans Candida species,including 13 Candida glabrata strains,8 Candida parapsilosis strains,7 Candida tropicalis strains,5 Candida krusei strains,1 Candida lusitaniae strain,1 Candida dubliniensis strain,1 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain,1 Pichia ohmeri strain and 1 Trichosporon mucoides strain.Conclusions As far as vulvovaginal candidiasis is concerned,Candida albicans is still the most prevalent pathogen,and Candida glabrata appears to be the predominant species in pathogenic non-albicans Candida species.

Objective To analyze the operation methodes and effects of cataract complicated with acute angle-closure glaucoma . Methods Phacoemusification combined with intraocular lens implantation and phacoemusification ,intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy were choosed to be performed on 40 eyes(38 patients) which were diagnosed with cataract compli-cated combined with acute angle-closure glaucoma ,according to the intraocular pressure and the opening level of the angle of anteri-or chamber of patients .All cases were been followed-up from 6-24 months after the operation .Results For postoperative correc-ted vision ,20 eyes were greater than 0 .6 ,17 eyes were between 0 .3-0 .6 and 3 eyes were less than 0 .3;For postoerative intraocu-lar pressure ,38 eyes were in normal range ,2 eyes were in normal range with drug control .Conclusion Phacoemusification combined with intraocular lens implantation prefer to be choosed for cataract complicated with acute angle-closure glaucoma with opening lev-el of the angle of anterior chamber greater than the half .Phacoemusification ,intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculec-tomy prefer to be choosed for cataract complicated with acute angle-closure glaucoma with opening level of the angle of anterior chamber less than the half .Choosing proper operation methodes for the patients who were diagnosed with cataract complicated with acute angle-closure glaucoma ,according to patients′situation ,benefit to improve patients′vision and control intraocular pressure .

Objective To investigate cognitive status of medical students of a medical university on laboratory biosafety,and provide basic data for laboratory biosafety management in Chinese universities.Methods 900 full-time undergraduate medical students were chosen by cluster random sampling,questionnaires were filled out in by them.Results 900 questionnaires were distributed,877 (98.21％) valid questionnaires were obtained,49.03％ (n =430) were from sophomores,50.97 ％ (n =447) from juniors,148 (16.88 ％) students have ever participated in students'scientific research.The overall awareness rate of laboratory biosafety was 58.72％,only 32.16％ of students understood the detailed contents of laboratory biosafety regulations,only 8.21％ of students have received training in laboratory biosafety;the awareness rate of laboratory biosafety cabinet was only 14.14％,only 7.75％ of students knew which operation should be performed in biosafety cabinet;28.28％ of students could deal with waste according to the rules,68.19％ of students were able to identify warning signs of biological hazard;92.82％ of the students thought that laboratory biosafety-related courses should be set up.The overall awareness rate of laboratory biosafety knowledge and safety behavior was low,which were 42.65％ and 41.96％ respectively,juniors was higher than that of sophomores(P＜0.05);in the aspect of chemical hazards and biological hazards,students with scientific research experience scored higher than those who did not participate in scientific research(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Medical students' cognition on knowledge of laboratory biosafety is not optimistic,it is imperative to strengthen the management of education and publicity of laboratory biosafety.

Objective To evaluate the ultrasonic characteristics of nasal bone absence at 16-34 weeks of pregnancy referring to fetal chromosomal anomalies. Methods The ultrasonic findings of the 20 fetuses with nasal bone absence at second or third trimester in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were reviewed referring to chromosomal karyotyping and labor induction or birth outcomes. Results The ultrasound features of the 20 fetuses including:(1) There were 17 fetuses showed bilateral nasal bones absence. The sonographic features were absence of hyper echo of nasal bone underneath the skin on either sagittal or transverse section. There were 5 fetuses showed multiple abnormalities:Four fetuses showed cardiac abnormalities (three showed atrioventricular septal defect, one showed ventricular septal defect, one showed ventricular septal defect with abnormal great vessels). One fetus showed duodenal obstruction′double bulbs′. The other minor abnormalities including short femur and humerus, increasing echogenetic bowels, aberrant right subclavian artery, mild unilateral ventriculomegaly, mild renal pelvic ectasia, outreached tongue, abnormal gestures of hands. (2) There were 3 fetuses showed unilateral nasal bone absence. The sonographic features were absence of hyper echo of either nasal bone on transverse section but with hyper echo on sagittal section. Two fetuses showed cardiac abnormalities (one fetus showed atrioventricular septal defect, one showed ventricular septal defect). The other minor abnormalities including short femur and humerus, hyper echogenetic bowels, increasing thickness of nuchal translucency or nuchal fold. Twelve fetuses were induced labor but only one had biopsy showed accordant result with ultrasound. (3) Karyotyping results:there were 9 of trisomy 21, 1 of 4p-and 7 of normal karyotype fetuses showed bilateral nasal bone absence. There were 2 of trisomy 21 and 1 of normal karyotype fetuses showed unilateral nasal bone absence. (4) Birth outcomes and follow-up:twelve fetuses induced labor but only one fetus had biopsy. Eight fetuses were born until term and 5 fetuses showed normal in follow-up. The results of twelve fetuses showed concordant with ultrasonic ifndings. Conclusions Characteristics of the nasal bone absence are absence of bilateral or unilateral nasal bones. If we ifnd nasal bone absence in prenatally ultrasound screening, the karyotyping should be recommended in order to detect chromosomal abnormalities especially trisomy 21.

Objective The aim of the study was to determine the placenta volume (PV) at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) in combination with birth weight, placenta weight, placenta volume at birth and maternal age, body mass index (BMI) additionally. Methods From June 2011 to July 2012, placental volumes were prospectively measured by VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis) method in 129 normal pregnancies of Peking Union Medical College Hospital at 11-13+6 weeks of Gestation, multiples of the median was calculated (MOM) after logarithmic10 transformation referring to different crown-rump length (CRL) groups. The normal pregnancies were selected without any combinations or fetal abnormalities, then recorded the birth weights, placenta diameters and thicknesses and placenta weight at delivery. The maternal basic status was also concluded in the study. Results Correlation analysis results: (1) The transformed placenta volume MOM showed a significant correlation (Spearman rho=0.200, P<0.05) with birthweight but not with placenta weight or placenta volume calculated as ellipsoid (Spearman rho=0.164, 0.112 respectively, P>0.05). (2) The birthweight showed significant correlations with placenta weight, placecnta volume and maternal BMI (Spearman rho=0.478, 0.361, 0.259 respectively, P<0.01). (3) The placenta weight at birth showed a significant correlation with placenta volume at birth (Spearman rho=0.467, P<0.01) and maternal BMI (Spearman rho=0.198, P<0.05). Regression analysis results: (1) Birth weight (g)=1136.9+1530.9×MOM+45.3×BMI-15.0×maternal age (r=0.29, P=0.01<0.05). (2) Placenta weight (g)=88.1+315.3×MOM+10.0×BMI+0.1×maternal age (r=0.27, P=0.02 <0.05). Conclusions The placental volume at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation has significant correlation with birthweight. This might assist in the identification of the high risk pregnancies caring large or low for gestational age fetuses.

Objectives To observe the frequencies of mutations at glycophorin A(GPA)of erythro-cytes in patients with high arsenic coal poisoning(HACP)in comparison with normal controls.Methods The peripheral erythrocytes were isolated and immunolabelled,and were detected by flow cytometry in40patients and18normal adults.Results The mutation frequencies(MF)were(21.23?13.97)?10 -6 for type NN,(33.13?25.72)?10 -6 for type NO,(110.90?63.58)?10 -6 for type MM,and(20.35?21.26)?10 -6 for type MO of erythrocytes in patients with HACP,which were significantly higher than those in normal controls.The mutation frequencies were(31.50?16.13)?10 -6 for type NN,(54.50?38.13)?10 -6 for type NO,(159.33?66.22)?10 -6 for type MM,and(45.16?12.69)?10 -6 for type MO of erythrocytes in tumor group of HACP patients,which were significantly higher than those of non-tumor group of the patients.Conclusions Arsenic poisoning may induce the mutation at the glycophorin-A locus of erythrocytes,sug-gesting that arsenic may be one of potential mutagens.GPA-MF may serve as a parameter for the detection of patients with HACP.

Objective To investigate the diagnositic value of ultrasonography in fetuses with cystic biliary malformation. Methods Three cases of cystic biliary malformation diagnosed in our hospital by prenatal ultrasound were followed up until surgery after birth. Results In all three cases.an anechoic cystic lesion was detected in the right upper abdomen at 16,26,34 weeks' gestation respectively, which were diagnosed as biliary cystic malformation by prenatal ultrasound. Two cases were confirmed as choledochal cyst by surgery, one case as biliary atresia. The maximum diameter during pregnancy of choledochal cyst were 3. 9 cm and 4.2 cm respectively, which increased steadily as gestational age advanced, with normal gallbladder in continuity with the choledochal cyst. But the largest diameter of the cyst in congenital biliary atresia was 1.7 cm and remained unchanged throughout the remaining pregnancy, the gallbladder could not be detected or an irregular small gallbladder was shown. Excision of the cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy were successfully performed in all three cases. Postoperative course were uneventful. Conclusions Cyst diameter, change in size, gallbladder ultrasound pattern may allow to make a prenatal differential diagnosis of biliary tree cystic malformation. Small and stable cyst with an undetected gallbladder or small gallbladder is more suggestive of biliary atresia than choledochal cyst. Precise imaging may facilitate prenatal counseling and perinatal management. The outcomes had improved with earlier operations.

Objective To determine the diagnostic value of two and three dimensional ultrasound in detecting fetal hand malformations. Methods In the retrospectively analysis,the severe fetal hand malformations detected by prenatal ultrasound during the recent three years in our hospital were classified according to the prenatal sonographic characteristics,family history,karyotype analysis and autopsy results,etc.Results Fourteen fetuses with hand-anomaly were detected during the 16-28th week of gestation,both hands were affected in 10 cases,with the same morphology bilaterally in 8 cases.Thirteen cases had other abnormal sonographic findings.They were detected and classified into three categories,Wrist deformity (9 cases),three fetuses were associated with total absence of radius and radial clubhand,and six fetuses had palmar deviated hands,with various etiologies including familial hereditary arthrogryposis multiplex congenita,distal type 1 (AMCD1),amniotic band syndrome,body stalk anomaly,trisomy18 and micromelia.Hand (figer) hypoplasia or aphasia (3 cases),one hand was absent in one fetus without associated anomaly,absence of five fingers with ipsilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in the second fetus,and the third fetus had split hand/foot malformation (SHFM).Overlapping fingers (4 cases),three of them were trisomy18,and two fetuses had both wrist deformity and overlapping fingers.Conclusions Prenatal two and three dimensional ultrasound play an important role in detecting and diagnosing severe type of fetal hand malformations.