Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease with unknown etiology.The main feature of RA is chronic,symmetrical and invasive arthritis.RA may present with severe joint deformity and functional loss,which has higher disability and fatality rates.At present,no effective measures can reverse bone damage associated with RA clinically.Therefore,early diagnosis of RA is critical to improve prognosis.In recent years,imaging increasingly plays an important role in the early diagnosis of RA.This article reviews recent advances in imaging methods for early diagnosis of RA.

Objective To explore the effect of the gene silencing of phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1 (PA-PLA1) on insulin secretion in mouse insulin-secreting cell line MIN6. Methods The siRNA expression vector of mouse PA-PLA1 gene targeting was constructed using mouse PA-PLA1 mRNA sequence available in GenBank, and MIN6 cells were transfected with the vector. Fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western-blotwere applied to screen efficient RNAi-vector. After transfection with obtained efficient RNAi-vectors for 48 hours, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion experiments were conducted, and the changes of insulin secretion were examined. Results Four siRNA expression vectors of mouse PA-PLA1 gene targeting were confirmed to be successfully constructed by the analyses of enzyme cleavage and sequencing. The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses indicated that the siRNA expression vectorpGPU6-PA-PLA1-1885was the most effective RNAi-vector in the four vectors. The expression levels of the PA-PLA1 mRNA and protein of the MIN6 cells transfectedwith pGPU6-PA-PLA1-1885 decreased to 46.3% and 33.9% of that of the control, respectively, and meanwhile the insulin secretion levels of the cells decreased to 65.0% of that of the control (P < 0.05). Conclusion The gene silencing of phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1 might decrease insulin secretion in MIN6 cells.

Aim To synthesize 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein and investigate its mechanisms and inhibition effect on hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) and e antigen ( HBeAg) in HepG2.2.15 cells.Methods 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein was synthesized based on the chemical structure of Rhein , and its structure was identified by IR,1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra.MTT assay was used to test the inhibitory effect of 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein on HepG2.2.15 cells.After the cells treatment by 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein , the HBsAg and HBeAg in cell supernatant were detected by ELISA .The expres-sion of hepatitis B virus X gene ( HBx) was detected by Western blot .The cell cycles were examined with flow cytometry.The intracellular free calcium concentration was detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy . Results The structure of 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein was confirmed by IR,1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR.MTT results showed that synthetic product and Rhein could inhibit the cell proliferation in HepG2.2.15 cells.After trea-ted with 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein and Rhein for 72 h,the half inhibitory concentration 50%( IC50 ) was 14.29 mg? L-1 and 11.59 mg? L-1 , respectively .Using non-cytotoxic dose of 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein , the inhibitory effect on HBsAg and HBeAg was gradually enhanced with increasing 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein concentration . The inhibitory effect of synthetic product on hepatitis B virus was better than that of Rhein .8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein could down-regulate the expression of HBx , in-tracellular calcium ion concentration and block the hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) replication.Flow cytometry results showed 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein didn′t affect the cell cycle .Conclusions Compare with Rhein , the synthesis of 8-bromo-ethoxy Rhein shows stronger inhi-bition on hepatitis B virus in HepG2.2.15, and its mechanisms may involve down-regulating the expres-sion of HBx and reducing calcium ion concentration .

Objective:To study the expression of MMP-9 in nasal NK/T cell lymphoma, HIF-1a and its relationship with the clinical and pathologic characteristics. Methods:46 cases ( case group) of paraffin block specimens from patients with pathologically confirmed nasal NK/T cell lymphoma were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College For Nationalities,the same period endoscopy turbinate mucosa were confirmed by pathology in 20 cases of chronic inflammation of mucosa specimens ( control group) , respectively HE staining and immunohistochemistry handle two specimens, observation of the expression differences of two groups of specimens of pathological morphology, MMP-9 and HIF-1a, and to analyze its relationship with the clinical and pathological features of the patients. Results: Case group HIF-1a expression rate 67. 39% (31/46), expression was 6. 52% (3/20) in control group. , the HIF-1a case group were significantly higher than control group (P<0. 05). Case group MMP-9 expression rate 71. 74%(33/46), in the control group expression was 6. 52% (3/20), MMP-9 expression in the case group was significantly higher than control group (P<0. 05). HIF-1a and MMP-9 in positive expression in Ann Arbor staging (Ⅲ-Ⅳ), lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion in patients with nasal NK/T cell lymphoma tissue appeared a high expression ( P< 0. 05 ) . Conclusion: Nasal NK/T cell lymphoma tissue of patients with HIF-1a, MMP-9 presented high expression, and there was a certain relationship between Arbor Ann stage (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) , lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion.

Objective To investigate the trans‐regulative effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS2 on the promoter of human acyl protein thioesterase 1 (APT1) gene .Methods The promoter sequence of human APT1 gene was identified applying the soft‐ware of bioinformatics .The APT1 promoter and HBV preS2 gene were amplified with PCR and cloned into pGL3 and pcDNA3 .1 (-) plasmids to construct the luciferase reporter gene plasmid of human APT1 gene promoter pGL3‐APT1 and the preS2 eukary‐otic expression plasmid pcDNA3 .1(-)‐preS2 ,respectively .The effect of the preS2 on the human APT1 gene promoter was exam‐ined by cotransfecting hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2 with pGL3‐APT1 and pcDNA3 .1(-)‐preS2 and measuring luciferase activities of the HepG2 cells .The statistical data were analyzed with independent‐samples t test .Results Both plasmids of pGL3‐APT1 and pcDNA3 .1(-)‐preS2 were confirmed by DNA sequencing to be accurately constructed as design .The luciferase activity of the pGL3‐APT1 was 1 .2 times (P<0 .01) that of the positive control plasmid pGL3‐Control .And the luciferase activity of the HepG2 cells cotransfected with pcDNA3 .1(-)‐preS2 and pGL3‐APT1 was 2 .6 times (P<0 .01) that of the HepG2 cells cotrans‐fected with the plasmid without preS2 gene pcDNA3 .1(-) and pGL3‐APT1 .Conclusion The human APT1 promoter cloned in the study has high promoter activity ;HBV preS2 activates human APT1 promoter .

Objective To screen and identify the phage-display random 7 amino acid peptide specific to the systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) and analyze its practical significance. Methods Using the phage random 7 peptide library screening, the SLE specific phage clones are obtained after binding with the mixture of sera from 30 SLE patients and 30 normal controls as ligand respectively. Then the Dot-ELISA is used to identify the SLE specific phage clones reactive to sera of the SLE patients and normal controls individually. Finally the identified phage-display random 7 amino acid peptides are sequenced and it's homology with the antigenic epitope of human being and other are also analyzed. Results Total 12 of the phage-display random 7 amino acid peptide are obtained by phage peptide library screening and the Dot-ELISA identification. Sequence analysis shows that the identified phage-display random 7 amino acid peptide epitope have homology with E. coli, Salmonella and human immunodeficiency virus, but not with that of human being. Conclusion SLE-specific peptides screened by phage random peptide library maybe used to diagnosis the SLE. Meanwhile, the antibodies in SLE patients which are combined with the Pathogen epitope, suggest that SLE maybe relate to pathogen infection.

Objective To calculate the electric field intensity and transmembrane voltage of spherical cells and ellipsoi -dal red blood cells ( RBC) in an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field .Through this calculation , we can provide reference to the search for interaction targets and mechanics between the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field and organisms.Methods The Finite Element Method was used in the numerical computation for the spherical cell model and the ellipsoidal RBC model .Results The electric field intensity of the two types of cells on the cellular membrane was both significantly higher than the applied electric field strength , and the values of the induced field strength and transmembrane voltage varied with the direction of the electric field periodically .Conclusion The cell shape and direction of the applied electric field are not the main determinants of the cellular membrane electric field intensity and the transmembrane voltage compared with electromagnetic parameters .The distribution of the electric field intensity and transmembrane voltage are re-lated to the direction of the applied electric field.

Purpose: The poor retention and ambiguous differentiation of stem cells (SCs) within corpus cavernosum (CC) limit the cell application in erectile dysfunction (ED). Herein, the effects and mechanism of microRNA-145 (miR-145) gene modification on modulating the traits and fate of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were investigated. Materials and Methods: The effects of miR-145 on cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation were determined by flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8, transwell assays and myogenic induction. Then, the age-related ED rats were recruited to four groups including phosphate buffer saline, BMSC, vector-BMSC, overexpressed-miR-145-BMSC groups. After cell transplantation, the CC were harvested and prepared to demonstrate the retention and differentiation of BMSCs by immunofluorescent staining. Then, the target of miR-145 was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical. After that, APTO-253, as an inducer of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), was introduced for rescue experiments in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) under the co-culture system. Results: In vitro, miR-145 inhibited the migration and apoptosis of BMSCs and promoted the differentiation of BMSCs into smooth muscle-like cells with stronger contractility. In vivo, the amount of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)+cells within CC was significantly enhanced and maintained in the miR-145 gene modified BMSC group. The EdU/CD31 co-staning was detected, however, no co-staining of EdU/α-actin was observed. Furthermore, miR-145, which secreted from the gene modified BMSCs, dampened the expression of KLF4. However, the effects of miR-145 on CCSMCs could be rescued by APTO-253. Conclusions Overall, miR-145 modification prolongs the retention of the transplanted BMSCs within the CC, and this effect might be attributed to the modulation of the miR-145/KLF4 axis. Consequently, our findings offer a promising and innovative strategy to enhance the local stem cell-based treatments.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of 99Tc m-hydrazinonicotinamide-(poly-(ethylene glycol)) 4-E[(poly-(ethylene glycol))4-c((Arg-Gly-Asp)fK)] 2 (3PRGD 2) in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods:Sixty female Wistar rats were divided into control group ( n=10; injected with saline of 0.3 ml/piece) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group ( n=50; injected with type Ⅱ collagen emulsion of 0.3 ml/piece). Rats in 2 groups were subjected to 99Tc m-3PRGD 2 planar imaging before modeling, 25 and 45 d after modeling. The changes of the target/non-target ratio (T/NT) of the lesion joint and mediastinum before and after modeling were measured and analyzed in CIA rats, and compared with rats in control group. Pathological examination was conducted. Repeated measures analysis of variance and independent-sample t test were used to analyze the data. Results:Thirty-two rats in CIA group were successfully established, and obvious synovitis and synovial thickening, neovascularization were observed in the images. The T/NT of diseased joints in CIA group before modeling, 25 and 45 d after modeling were 0.158±0.023, 0.402±0.144, and 0.705±0.163 ( F=286.924, P<0.01). The T/NT of diseased joints at 25 and 45 d after modeling were significantly different from those of control group (0.160±0.028 and 0.158±0.032; t values: -10.484 and -20.917, both P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry results showed positive expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, α vβ 3 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the synovial tissue in of diseased joints in rats of CIA group. Conclusion:99Tc m-3PRGD 2 has high sensitivity for joint synovial neovascularization in rat rheumatoid arthritis models and is expected to be used for early diagnosis of RA.

With the gradual aggravation of aging in China， the prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing year by year. Osteoporosis has become a major public health problem threatening the health of middle-aged and elderly people， especially middle-aged and elderly women. There are many predisposing factors and complex pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The interpretation of osteoporosis has been the focus of clinical research in recent years. How to prevent and treat osteoporosis more effectively has also become a major problem faced by researchers. In recent years， the balance and homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus regulated by intestinal absorption， renal excretion and bone have become one of the hot topics， and the balance and homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus in vivo are the key to normal bone homeostasis. At the same time， as a complex microbial community living in the gastrointestinal tract， intestinal flora can produce a variety of regulators affecting metabolism. It has been widely confirmed that it acts on the body indirectly or directly， in multiple ways and targets to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Therefore， further exploring the role and mechanism of intestine kidney bone axis in osteoporosis plays a far-reaching significance for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In recent years， scholars have made a lot of exploration on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and found that TCM can intervene the expression of intestinal flora and play the effect of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Based on the "intestine kidney bone axis"， this paper briefly discusses the integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of kidney and osteoporosis， intestine and osteoporosis， intestine kidney axis， the treatment of kidney from intestine， intestine and osteoporosis， and the application of TCM in regulating intestinal flora in osteoporosis， in order to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.