Lung cancer is the main cause of death of patients with malignant tumors in our country, which seriously threatens people's lives and health. Therefore, improving the levels of diagnosis, treatment and management of lung cancer is a major challenge for clinicians. Radiomics is to assist doctors in making accurate diagnosis through deeper analysis and prediction of image data information. In recent years, the application of radiomics in the field of lung tumors has been promoted. This article reviews the work process of radiomics, its application in the field of lung tumors, and the prospects and challenges in its clinical application.

Objective To evaluate safety and efficacy of endoscopy therapy for early colorectal carcinoma of different types. Methods Clinical data of 113 patients with early colorectal carcinoma who were treated with different endoscopic therapies including polypectomy,EMR and ESD(ESD with snare and standard ESD)were retrospectively analyzed. The size, en bloc resection rate, curative resection rate, procedure time,associated complications and recurrence rate were compared among groups. Results Eleven pedunculated lesions were treated with polypectomy or EMR, which were en bloc resected and curative resected with no complication or local recurrence. Nineteen semi-pedunculated lesions were treated with EMR or ESD with no complications. Lesions treated with EMR were smaller than those of ESD(P=0.026), and had a lower en bloc resection rate[77.8%(14/18)VS 1/1,P=1.000]. The difference of curative resection rate and recurrence rate between groups was not significant(P>0.05). Eighty-three sessile lesions were treated with all three procedures.Lesions treated with ESD were larger than EMR(P=0.000),with a higher curative resection rate than EMR[95.5%(42/44)VS 77.8%(28/36),P=0.041]and a longer procedure time than EMR(P=0.000). There were no significant difference in severe complications[9.1%(4/44)VS 0],en bloc resection rates and recurrence rates(P>0.05). Ten lesions treated with ESD-S had a medium size between EMR and standard ESD group, with a significant shorter procedure time than standard ESD group(36.9 ± 24.7 min VS 120.4 ± 152.3 min, P=0.004).They were en bloc resected and complete resected. Conclusion Endoscopic treatment is safe and effective for early stage colorectal carcinoma. In order to get en bloc curative resection,endoscopists should carefully choose a suitable technique based on the macroscopic morphology of lesions. ESD-S can be used as a transitional method from EMR to ESD.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and surgical indications of subtypes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas,and analyze its malignant risk factors.Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 77 patients with IPMN of the pancreas who were admitted to the First Hospital of Peking University from January 2008 to December 2016 were collected.The subtypes of IPMN of the pancreas detected by preoperative imaging examination included main-duct type (MD-IPMN) in 46 patients,branch-duct type (BD-IPMN) in 12 patients,mixed type (MT-IPMN) in 19 patients.The surgical indications were consulted from the Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cystic lesions composed by the Pancreatic Surgery Group of Surgery Branch of China Medical Association.Surgical procedure was selected according to the location and size of the IPMN.Four to 6 cycles of chemotherapy with S-1 and/or Gemcitabine were conducted for patients with malignant IPMN according to the tolerance and baseline characteristics.Observation indicators included:(1) comparison of the clinical features MD-IPMN,MT-IPMN and BD-IPMN;(2) surgical and postoperative conditions;(3) results of postoperative pathological examination and malignant risk factors analysis;(4) accuracy evaluation of Sendai and Fukuoka guidelines for the diagnosis of malignant IPMN of the pancreas;(5) follow-up results and survival.Patients were followed up by outpatient examination and telephone interview till December 2016.The postoperative adjuvant therapy,tumor recurrence and metastasis of malignant IPMN patients and postoperative survival condition of all the patients were collected.Measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as (x)±s or average (range),and pairwise comparison was analyzed by t test.Measurement data with skewed distribution were expressed by median (range).Comparison between count data and univariate analysis were done by chi-square test.Multiple factors analysis was done by Logistic regTession model.The survival curve was drawn and the survival rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method.The comparison of survival was done by Log-rank test.Results (1) Comparison of clinical features between MD-IPMN,MT-IPMN and BD-IPMN:The numbers of patients with symptoms,jaundice,those complicated with diabetes and elevated CA19-9 were 55,20,43 and 28 in MD-IPMN and MT-IPMN,and 6,0,3 and 1 in BD-IPMN,with statistically significant difference (x2=5.421,3.516,5.525,3.834,P＜0.05).(2) Surgical and postoperative conditions:the operations for all the 77 patients were successfully done,including pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without preservation of pylorus on 45 patients,resection of head of pancreas with duodenum preservation on 3 patients,distal pancreatectomy on 23 patients,distal pancreatectomy combined with partial resection of spleen and stomach on 2 patients (with greater curvature of stomach involvement),segmental pancreatectomy on 2 patients,total pancreatectomy on 2 patients.A total of 26 surgery-related complications were detected,including pancreatic fistulas (13),delayed gastric emptying (9),wound infection (2),abdominal hemorrhage (2),and all the complications were improved by conservative treatment.There was no perioperative mortality.The mean duration of hospital stay of the 77 patients was 16 days (range,6-68 days).(3) Results of postoperative pathological examination and malignant risk factor analysis:① results of postoperative pathological examination:no residual tumor was detected at the resection margin in all the 77 patients,including 47 with benign IPMN (29 with adenoma and 18 with mid-severe atypical hyperplasia and without lymph node involvement) and 30 with malignant IPMN (all of them were invasive malignancy,including 17 patients with negative lymph node metastasis and 13 with positive lymph node metastasis).② Malignant risk factor analysis of IPMN:multivariate analysis showed that age,jaundice,elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),elevated CA19-9,tumor diameter,tumor subtypes were associated with malignancy (x2 =6.531,14.755,10.243,12.062,6.416,6.143,P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that jaundice,elevated CEA,elevated CA19-9,tumor diameter ≥3.0 cm,MD-IPMN were independent risk factors influencing the malignancy of IPMN (OR =9.656,42.853,23.243,34.387,69.883,95％ confidence interval:1.392-66.968,2.088-879.674,2.991-180.628,3.313-356.878,1.247-3 915.467,P＜0.05).(4) Accuracy evaluation of the Sendai and Fukuoka guidelines in diagnosis of malignant IPMN.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive values were 100.0％(30/30),14.9％ (7/47),42.9％ (30/70) and 100.0％ (7/7) for the Sendai guideline and 86.7％ (26/30),48.9％ (23/47),52.0％ (26/50),85.2％ (23/27) for the Fukuoka guideline in diagnosis of malignant IPMN,with no significant difference in the sensitivity between the 2 guidelines (x2=2.250,P＞0.05),while significant difference in the specificity between the 2 guidelines were detected (x2 =12.500,P＜0.05).(5) Follow-up and survival:Seventy of 77 patients were followed up,including 42 with benign IPMN and 28 with malignant IPMN.The median survival time was 35.0 months (range,6.0-94.0 months).All the malignant IPMN patients received adjuvant therapy.The 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates of 47 patient with benign IPMN were 100.0％,96.2％and 96.2％,respectively,and 1 patient died of cardiac infarction.The 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates of 30 patients with malignant IPMN were 96.6％,81.8％,38.6％,respectively,and 11 patients died of tumor recurrence or metastasis with median time of tumor recurrence or metastasis of 20.5 months (6.0-61.6 months).The 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates of 17 patients with negative lymph node metastasis were 100.0％,100.0％ and 60.0％,respectively,and the 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates of 13 patients with positive lymph node metastasis were 91.7％,57.1％ and 0,respectively.There was statistically significant difference between patients with benign and malignant IPMN (x2 =12.530,P＜0.05).There was statistically significant difference between patients with negative lymph node metastasis and those with positive lymph node metastasis (x2 =16.977,P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Patients with MD-IPMN or MT-IPMN are more vulnerable to be complicated with diabetes,jaundice,elevated CA19-9 and high malignancy,and thus surgery is recommended.Jaundice,elevated CEA and CA19-9,tumor diameter≥3.0 cm,MD-IPMN are the independent risk factors influencing the malignancy of IPMN.

Objective To investigate the correlation between clinicopathological features and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer (EGC) and evaluate the influence of lymph node metastasis on the overall survival.Methods The clinicopathological data of 178 EGC patients undergoing radical gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy in Peking University First Hospital between Jan 2006 and Dec 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.The impact of lymph node metastasis on the overall survival was analyzed.Results Lymph node metastasis was detected in 19 (10.7％) of 178 patients.Univariate analysis showed a positive relationship between tumor size (x2 =4.804,P =0.028),depth of invasion (x2 =8.176,P =0.003),histological type (x2 =4.333,P =0.037),vascular tumor thrombus (x2 =9.992,P =0.002) and lymph node metastasis in EGC.Multivariate analysis revealed that depth of invasion (Wald =4.954,P =0.026)and intra-vascular tumor thrombus (Wald =3.966,P =0.046) were independent relative factors of lymph node metastasis in EGC patients.The 5-year survival rates of EGC patients with lymph node metastasis were 78.9％,much lower than that without lymph node metastasis (94.3％,x2 =8.310,P=0.004).Conclusions Lymph node metastasis in EGC is mainly correlated with depth of invasion and intra-vascular tumor thrombus.The prognosis of patients with lymph node metastasis is significantly poorer than those without lymph node metastasis.

Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasm(NEN). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected from 58 consecutive patients with rectal NEN,who underwent endoscopic ultrasonography and followed by ESD from January 2006 to January 2016 at Peking University First Hospital. Patients′endoscopic and pathological features, clinical manifestations, R0 resection rate and follow-up results were studied. Results En bloc resection was achieved for all of the 58 lesions with a mean diameter of 7.6 mm(range 3.0-18.0 mm). The complete resection rate was 94.8%(55/58). One patient showed postoperative bleeding. The diameter of lesion more than 15 mm increased the risk of non-R0 resection(P<0.05). During the mean follow-up of 3.2 years(range 1.2-11.2 years), all patients remained free from local recurrence. However,distant metastasis was detected in 1 NEN G2 patient with lymphatic invasion(1.7%). Conclusion ESD is effective for treatment of rectal NEN with diameter less than 15 mm and causes less complications. Tumor features and stage determine the risk of distant metastasis,so long-term follow-up is essential.

Objective To assess the efficiency and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)on treatment of colorectal lesions. Methods Clinical data of 163 patients with colorectal lesions, who underwent ESD at Endoscopy Center of Peking University First Hospital from June 2012 to June 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. The clinicopathologic features, the rate of en bloc resection, complete resection,complication and recurrence were reviewed. Results Among the 163 colorectal lesions,118 were mucosal lesions and 45 were submucosal ones. The mucosal lesions included 31 cases of protruding type,22 of flat type and 65 of laterally spreading tumor(LST). The submucosal lesions were all protruding type. The median lesion diameter was 2.2(2.0)cm, median operation time was 42(53)min. En bloc resection rate was 92.6%(151/163),and complete resection rate was 86.5%(141/163). The risk factor related to en bloc resection rate and complete resection rate was tumor size(P<0.05).Complications occurred in 4 cases, including 2 cases of intraoperative bleeding and 1 case of delayed bleeding who received endoscopic hemostasis therapy,and 1 patient with delayed perforation,which was managed by emergency surgery. Four recurrences were observed in 135 cases during follow-up, of which 3 were cured by additional endoscopic treatment,and 1 by surgery. Conclusion ESD is a safe and effective, but less invasive technique for colorectal lesions. Favorable long-term clinical outcomes can be achieved when en bloc curative resection is performed.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of rubber band and clip facilitated endoscopic submucosal dissection (RAC-ESD) for colorectal neoplasms.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was performed. Clinical data of 115 patients with colorectal neoplasm receiving ESD from September 2018 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-four patients received RAC-ESD treatment (RAC-ESD group) and 81 received conventional ESD treatment (conventional ESD group). The procedure time, the dissected area per minute during ESD, en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, curative resection rate, complication occurence and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups.Results:The median specimen area of RAC-ESD group was 6.32 (7.53) cm 2, and the median procedure time was 40.0 (55.0) min. The mean dissected area per minute was 0.14 (0.20) cm 2/min. While in conventional ESD group, the median specimen area was 4.71 (5.02) cm 2, the median procedure time was 50.0 (50.0) min and the mean dissected area per minute was 0.09 (0.07) cm 2/min. The median specimen area of RAC-ESD group was slightly larger and the median procedure time was slightly shorter than those of conventional ESD group, but neither was significantly different(both P>0.05). The median dissected area per minute of RAC-ESD group was significantly larger than that of the conventional ESD group ( P=0.008). The en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate and curative resection rate of RAC-ESD group were 100.0% (34/34), 100.0% (34/34) and 97.1% (33/34), while those of the conventional ESD group were 100.0%(81/81), 96.3%(78/81) and 91.4%(74/81), respectively. There was no ESD-related complication in either group. After 10.0±5.5 months of follow-up, there was no local recurrence in both groups. Conclusion:RAC-ESD may increase resection efficacy with safety.

Objective:To assess the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the treatment of early esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer and precancerous lesion.Methods:Clinical data of 67 patients with Siewert type Ⅱ early EGJ cancer or precancerous lesion who underwent ESD at Endoscopy Center of Peking University First Hospital from July 2012 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and pathological features, technical data and complication rate were reviewed. The factors that may affect the curative resection were analyzed.Results:Among the 67 cases, 5 were protruding type, 59 flat type, and 3 depressed type. The median lesion diameter was 1.6 ( QR: 1.8) cm, the median operation time was 60.0 ( QR: 56.0) min. The en bloc resection rate was 97.0% (65/67), the complete resection rate was 91.0% (61/67), and the curative resection rate was 82.1% (55/67). Factors related to non-curative resection were tumor size ( OR=8.457, 95% CI: 1.227-58.302, P=0.030) and pathological type ( OR=15.133, 95% CI: 1.518-150.870, P=0.021). ESD-related complications occurred in 3 cases (4.5%), including 1 case of delayed hemorrhage who received endoscopic hemostasis therapy, and 2 cases of post-operative cicatricial stricture who then received endoscopic dilation. Fifty-eight patients were followed up, and recurrence was found in 1 patient during follow-up with positive vertical margin who refused subsequent therapy.Metachronous early gastric cancer was found in another patient during follow-up, who was treated with a second ESD. Conclusion:ESD is a safe, effective and less invasive technique for early EGJ cancer and precancerous lesion. Tumor size, boundary and infiltration depth of the lesion should be accurately evaluated before operation to formulate appropriate treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVETo investigate an method for hepatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) in vitro and the resulting differentiation ratio, in order to develop a procedure for producing a new type of hepatocyte for hepatocyte replacement therapy in the treatment of liver failure.

METHODSES cells from Balb/C mice were cultured and maintained in an undifferentiated state in gelatin-coated dishes using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 1000 U/ml leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Then, LIF was withdrawn from the DMEM to allow the ES cells to develop into embryonic bodies (EBs). EBs were plated onto tissue culture dishes, and growth factors such as acidicfibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were added to the medium to promote directional differentiation. The course of development and differentiation was observed dynamically using an inversion microscope. The expression of hepatic proteins, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), cytokeratin 8 (CK8), cytokeratin 18 (CK18), in cytoplasm was analyzed by immunocytochemistry (ICC). The concentration of ALB in the medium was determined dynamically by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

RESULTSES cells replicated as clones, without differentiating, in DMEM containing LIF. They developed into EBs in medium without LIF. Our ICC assay showed that differentiating cells did not express hepatic proteins, such as AFP, ALB, CK8, and CK18 until day 7, day 9, day 11, and day 11, respectively (up to 2 days later when growth factors are not present). The concentration of AFP in the medium was first detected on day 8, at a concentration of 3.4 ng/ml, and increased to 22.8 ng/ml by day 15. The concentration of ALB in the medium was 0.2 micro g/ml on day 11, and increased to 2.2 micro g/ml by day 15. ALB-positive cells under ICC manifest morphological structures were consistent with normal mouse hepatocytes. The differentiation ratio of hepatocytes in the ES cell differentiation system was 30% on day 15 (significantly lower without the presence of growth factors).

CONCLUSIONSES cells can differentiate into mature hepatocytes. Growth factors, such as aFGF and HGF, can enhance this differentiation and produce sufficient numbers of functional hepatocytes. This method may be a reliable new way of differentiating ES cells into hepatocytes for use in replacement therapy in the treatment of liver failure.

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryo, Mammalian ; cytology ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; Liver ; cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Stem Cells ; cytology

Objective:To evaluate whether additional radical surgery is necessary following non-curative endoscopic resection of early colorectal cancer.Method:Clinicopathological data in 104 patients following non-curative endoscopic resection of early colorectal coucer at the Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital between Jan 2011 and Dec 2021.Results:Lymph node metastasis and/or residual cancer was found in 23 patients (22%), including 12 cases of lymph node metastasis, 7 cases of residual cancer and 4 patients with both residual cancer and lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis indicated that vascular infiltration, positive vertical margin, and female gender were risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Risk factors for residual cancer were tumors ≥2 cm in size, negative lift sign, infiltration depth of ≥1 000 μm, and positive horizontal and vertical margins. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that vascular invasion, positive vertical margins, and being female were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis, while positive vertical margins was independent risk factor for residual cancer. Salvage surgery lasted for a median of 184 (156-233) minutes, with an estimated blood loss of 50 (20-100) ml and an average postoperative hospital stay of 9 (8-11) days. Seven cases of Clavein-Dindo Ⅱ or higher complications were observed, including pulmonary embolism in 1 case , anastomotic leakage in one, lymphatic fistula in one, bowel obstruction in 2 cases and urinary tract infection in 2 cases.Conclusion:Salvage surgery is mandatory for early endoscopic non-curative resection of colorectal cancer.