Bioadhesive delivery systems with sustained release characteristics can promote the absorption and increase the bio-availability of drugs by prolonging the residence time on the applied site. The evaluation of adhesion property of bioadhesive drug deliv-ery systems is important because the sustained release effect and the absorption are closely related with the adhesion. The methods for the evaluation of the adhesive properties of bioadhesive drug delivery systems in vitro were summarized in the article, including determi-ning the minimum peel force, measuring the residues on mucosa surface, determining the retention time on mucosal surface, measuring the swelling and the viscosity of fluid and so on, and the operation of some methods were described simply as well.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between MRI signal for infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) and pathological changes in knee osteoarthritis (KOA),and to analyze the role of IPFP in the development of knee osteoarthritis.Methods:A total of 114 subjects (without special knee disease) were enrolled for this study.The intensity of MRI signal for IPFP was determined by fat-suppressed proton-density-weighted turbospin-echo magnetic resonance imaging.Based on the cartilage defects and osteophytes of knee joint,the subjects were divided into a KOA group and a control group.The difference of MRI signal for IPFP between two groups was analyzed.Results:After excluding the potential confounders of age,gender and BMI,the intensity of MRI signal for IPFP was positively correlated with defections in patellar,medial femur,lateral tibial or knee joint (OR 1.333 to 2.168,P 0.006 to 0.023);the intensity of MRI signal for IPFP was also positively correlated with osteophytes in patellar,medial femur,lateral tibial or knee joint (OR 1.309 tol.781,P 0.004 to 0.046);the intensity of MR/signal for IPFP in the KOA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.028).Conclusion:The increase in the density of MRI signal for IPFP is an imaging manifestation for knee degeneration.IPFP inflammation and endocrine abnormalities may play an important role in KOA.

Objective: To optimize the formula and preparation technology of cantharidin chitosan bioadhesive microspheres.Methods: The microspheres were prepared by a spray drying method.A single-factor experiment was used to study the effect of chitosan with different molecular weight on the gastric mucosa adhesion rate were also studied, and the effects of different drug loading ratio, concentration of chitosan acetic acid solution and speed of peristaltic pump on the loading rate were also studied.The cantharidin entrapment efficiency as the studying index, a response surface method was used to further optimize the formula.Results: The best formula and preparation process of cantharidin chitosan bioadhesive microspheres were as follows: the concentration ratio of antharidin to chitosan was 19.83% , the concentration of chitosan acetic acid solution was 0.77% , and the peristaltic pump flow rate was 9.225 ml·min-1.With the best formula, the entrapment efficiency of cantharidin chitosan bioadhesive microspheres was 90.14%.Conclusion: The microsphere preparation by the spray drying method is stable and repeatable.Cantharidin chitosan bioadhesive microspheres have high entrapment efficiency and promising biological adhesion.

Objective To master iodine intake ways of children in Yancheng (coastal) and Zhenjiang (inland) cities,analyze their urinary iodine difference and provide solid evidence for adjustment of salt iodine and adequate iodine intake level of local residents.Methods Totally 50％ counties were randomly selected in Yancheng and Zhenjiang cities and 5 towns were sampled in each county in 2014,local water iodine,domestic salt iodine,local eating habits and urine iodine of children 8-10 years old were investigated,and the influences of different iodine intake ways on urine iodine level were analyzed.Results The median of water iodine was 4.76 μg/Lin Zhenjiang (n =40) and 50.80 μg/L in Yancheng (n =50),the difference was statisticelly significant in two cities (Z =6.93,P ＜ 0.05).Totally 2 400 salt samples were tested,the mean of salt iodine was (24.20 ± 5.07) mg/kg in Yancheng (n =1 500) and (22.87 ± 2.77) mg/kg in Zhenjiang (n =900),the difference was statisticelly significant in two cityies (t =7.23,P ＜ 0.05).The salt intake level in Zhenjiang (10.69-± 9.00) g/d appeared to be higher than that in Yancheng (8.40 ± 3.57) g/d,but the difference was not statistically significant (t =1.62,P ＞ 0.05).Totally 1 200urine samples were tested,the urine iodine level of Zhenjiang got higher results (265.83 μg/L,n =450) than that of Yancheng (182.15 μg/L,n =750,Z =12.18,P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of water iodine intake/salt iodine intake was about 1 ∶ 4 in Yancheng and 1 ∶ 50 in Zhenjiang,while residents in Zhenjiang got 21％ of daily iodine through extra ways.Eating habits like eating out did not have significant impact on urine iodine.Conclusions Based on the water iodine level,Yancheng is considered to be a appropriate iodine level area while Zhenjiang is a lack region.However,Zhenjiang has a higher urine iodine level than Yancheng,which is more than adequate to the recommendation.Salt iodine is a main iodine source in both cities.In iodine appropriate and deficiency areas,eating habits and food choices may play a more important role than geochemical factors in iodine intakes among residents.

Objective CA125 has been proved to be closely related to peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.This study aimed to screen and identify a novel ssDNA aptamer targeting the extracellular domain of Mucin16. Methods Using capillary elec-trophoresis, we screened the aptamers targeting the synthetic peptide of the extracellular domain of Mucin16 and quantitatively deter-mined the Kd value of each cycle and the affinity of the aptamers for the synthetic peptide by CE-SELEX.Then we evaluated the ability of the obtained aptamers to target cancer cells using confocal laser imaging. Results After five cycles of screening, sequencing, af-finity determination, we obtained an ssDNA aptamer targeting the extracellular domain of Mucin16, with a Kd value of 122.7 nm and visible green fluorescent signals on the cell membrane of the human ovarian cancer cell line expressing Mucin16, but not on that of the normal hepatocytes not expressing Mucin16.This confirmed the binding ability of the aptamer to the extracellular domain of Mucin16. Conclusion A novel aptamer targeting the synthetic peptide of the extracellular domain of Mucin16 was successfully obtained by capil-lary electrophoresis, which could be used as a new agent in the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the significance of multiple microelectrode guided technique in determining the sensory?motor area of the sub?thalamic nucleus(STN)in deep brain stimulation(DBS)surgeries. Methods A total of 22 electrophysiological recording data of STNs recorded by multiple microelectrode was retrospectively analyzed ,while another 20 electrophysiological recording data of STNs recorded by a single micro?electrode was recruited as the control group. Results A total of 64 microelectrodes were used in 22 STNs guided by multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes. Sensory or motor activated potentials were recorded in 21 sides(95.5%),while regular discharge was recorded in one side. The average length of typical STN activity on the optimal channel of multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes was 5.58±0.53 mm,and the average length of sensory or motor activated potentials was 3.27±1.54 mm. In contrast,the average length of typical STN activity recorded by single microelectrode was 5.02±1.01 mm. However,sensory or motor activated potentials were recorded in 13 sides(65.0%)with the average length of 1.36±0.98 mm. Among the 22 STNs guided by multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes,the final implanted target was consistent with the initially selected anatomic target in 13 sides(coincidence rate,59.1%). In 9 sides,the electrophysiological target was inconsistent with the initially selected anatomic target. Conclusion STN DBS performed with multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes resulted in better outcomes of recording of the average length of typical STN activity or the average length of sensory or motor activated potentials of STN ,final confirmation of STN sensory motor area and determination of the optimal channel of implantation. Application of multiple electrophysiological recording electrodes provides a premise for the precise electrode placement in STN DBS surgeries.

Objective To study the presence of microflammation state in ESRD patients and the relationship between microinflammation state and atherosclerosis. Methods Inflammatory cytokines and carotid artery B ultrasound data of 246 ESRD patients and 43 cases with normal renal function as control were collected. The presence of microflammation state and its relationship to atherosclerosis were studied. Results The levels of inflammatory cytokines(CRP,IL 6,TNF ?)in ESRD patients were mostly in normal range, but still much higher than those in control.According to the level of CRP,the patients were divided into three groups.Significant differences of carotid artery B ultrasound and prevalence of cerebrocardiovasculer events were found between two groups with CRP levels less and higher than 4 mg/L. According to the history of atherosclerosis cerebrocardiovasculer disease,patients were divided into two groups. Levels of CRP, IL 6, TNF ?were higher in patients with cerebrocardiovasculer disease than those in patients without, but still in normal range. Conclusions There is a microinflammation status in ESRD patients. The microinflammation status may be a risk factor of high prevalence and mortality of atherosclerosis related cardiovascular events in ESRD patients.

Objective To evaluate the value of quantitative analysis of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating acute rejection(AR) from acute tubular necrosis(ATN) of transplant kidney. Methods Total of 67 kidney recipients were examined with conventional US and CEUS. Biopsies were performed in 37 patients, 26 patients were with AR, 11 with ATN, 30 patients as control group. The hemodynamic parameters (PSV and RI) were measured on infrarenal artery with conventional US, while CEUS quantitative analysis was performed on the cortex, pyramid and interlobar artery by time‐intensity curve (TIC). TIC parameters including rise time (RT ), time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (mTT ) were compared among three groups. In addition, the reproducibility of TIC parameters was evaluated. Results The RI in AR group was significantly higher than that in control group, but there were no significant differences of RI between AR and ATN groups. TIC parameters including RT, TTP were with high reproducibility (ICC> 0 7.5). Compared to the other two groups, the RT and TTP of the pyramid, ΔRTm‐c, and ΔTTPm‐c were significantly longer in AR group, the receiver operating curves (ROC) analysis demonstrated that ΔRTm‐c had the highest accuracy and RI had the lowest accuracy for detecting AR(areas under the curve were 0 7.86, 0 7.56, 0 7.49, 0 7.36 and 0 4.98, respectively). High sensitivity and specificity(78 3.% and 73 5.%, respectively) were shown when using 4 6.2 s as a cutoff point of ΔRTm‐c to diagnose AR. Conclusions Quantitative analysis of CEUS could detected the changes of the microcirculation perfusion in kidney grafts with AR and ATN, which might be superior in the diagnosis of AR compared with conventional US.

Objective To study the value of quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosing acute rejection of kidney graft.Methods Sixty-seven patients with normal kidney grafts and thirty-five patients with acute rejection were recruited.In conventional ultrasound,the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index (RI) of segmental artery and interlobar artery were measured.In quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound,four regions of interest including renal cortex,medulla,segmental artery and interlobar artery were drew and three parameters including rising time(RT),time to peak(TTP) and mean transit time(mTT) were obtained.In addition,the difference in RT,TTP and mTT between the renal cortex and interlobar artery,as well as medulla and interlobar artery were calculated.Results The differences of PSV in interlobar artery between the two groups were statistically significant (P ＜0.05).The time-intensity curves of the whole kidney grafts,and the difference in RT and TTP between the renal cortex and interlobar artery were statistically different between two groups (P ＜0.05).Conclasions Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound proved a quantitative method for diagnosing kidney allograft acute rejection.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) in the diagnosis of renal allograft fibrosis.Methods The renal allografts of 82 patients with biopsies or nephrectomy were assessed by virtual touch quantification.The renal allograft fibrosis was categorized according to the 2005 updated Banff criteria for a G0～G3 grade.All the results were compared among four groups.Results The mean SWV values in G0～G3 were (2.39 ± 0.31)m/s,(2.45 ± 0.34)m/s,(2.58 ± 0.18) m/s,(3.11 ± 0.40)m/s,respectively.There were no significant differences in the mean SWV value between G0 and G1 group,or between G1 and G2 group(P ＞0.05).There were significant differences in the mean SWV value between G0～G2 and G3 group,or between G0 and G2 group(P ＜0.05).Stiffness of renal allograft was significantly correlated to the mean SWV value (Spearman r =0.671,P ＜0.001).According to the area under the ROC curve,the sensitivity and specificity of SWV (area under ROC curve =0.847,cut-off=2.64 m/s) for grade ≥G2 was 78.9％ and 79.5％ respectively.Conclusions Stiffness measured by VTQ reflects the interstitial fibrosis in renal allograft.VTQ technique might be a new tool to identify patients with chronic allograft injury.