OBJECTIVE Comparing and analyzing the use of antibacterial drugs in our hospital for nearly 10 years,to guide more standardized and more rational use of antibiotics in clinical pediatrics.METHODS The use of antimicrobial drugs among 3711 pediatric cases in our hospital from 1999 to 2008 was comparatively analyzed.RESULTS The usage rate of antibacterial drugs among them in our hospital for nearly 10 years was 93.45%.The use of top six kinds of antimicrobial drugs constantly changed every year,so did the use rate.The rate of combined application was more than 43%,except for 17.67% in 2004,and the kinds of combined application were increasing year by year.The usage rate of second-line antibiotics was increasing year by year,increased from 7.25% in 2000 up to 71.89% in 2008.The preventive drug use was reduced year by year.CONCLUSIONS Using the antimicrobial agents in pediatric is more reasonable than the other departments in our hospital.However,there are some unreasonable phenomena.Antimicrobial agents use should be strengthened in the field of guidance,supervision and management.

The most suitable antigenic frozen sections are the sections of infected mice liver and adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum at 7th week and 6th week after infection respectively; the most suitable thickness of section is 7?m. The antigenicity of liver tissue-egg frozen section(TEFS) is markedly higher than that of adult worm frozen sectin(AWFS) and of liver tissue-egg paraffin embedded section.TEFS, as antigen, is considered to be of high sensitivity(96.7%), high specificity (98.7%) and lower cross reaction rates(0~3.3%) in IEST for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The sensitivity of TEFS-IEST ig markedly higher than that of AWFS-IEST and that of COPT. The main advantages of TEFS-IEST are lower cost of the antigen, high sensitivity and rapid yield of results.

Eight antigen preparations of schistosama japonicum. i. e. freezethawed antigens (FFT, F-MFT), saline-extract antigens (FE. F-ME, ME) SEA and AWA, were separated by SDS-PAGE. The results showed different fractional proteins among the eight antigens. These above mentioned antigens were used to detect sera from patients of different stages of schis-tosomiasis by means of ELIB. It demonstrated that the defined .fractional proteins below 60KD could be recognized by sera from acute schistosomiasis, the defined fractional proteins over 60KD recognized preferentially by sera from advanced schistosomiasis, while the fractional proteins of 87KD, 70KD, 60KD, 31KD and 18KD of S. japanicum antigens could be recognized by almost all sera from patients of different stages.

Fourteen-34 days after Schistosoma japonzcum-infected mice were injected intraperitoneally with immunoenhancing reagent,Chinese angelica root extract ("425"),the specific antibody (IgG) levels were significantly higher in Group Ⅲ (362.67?162.21-480.00?289.45) than the control group (66.67?39.68-245.33?101.56) in experiment one,and in Gronp Ⅱ(488.00?320.38-768.00?267.38) than the control group (256.00?189.07-394.67?141.06) in experiment two.The egg granulomatous formation were markedly diminished in the injected mice.The ratios of granulomas vs.eggs' mean diameters of Group in of mice were 5.24?1.04-3.95?0.77 and those of the control group were 6.59?1.19-5.29?0.94 in experiment one,those of the group Ⅱ were 3.75?0.71-4.15?0.73 and those of the control group were 4.94?0.81-5.36?0.97 in experiment two.Meantime the egg antigen levels in the injected mice might be lower.This study shows that the control of immunomodulation of granulomatous formation in the hosts injected with immunoenhance reagent "425" can be induced.

Objective The objective of this study was to explore the value of enhanced recovery surgery(ERAS)in perioperative period of laparoscopic assisted colorectal cancer surgery.Methods From November 2015 to July 2016,86 patients with colorectal cancer treated with colorectal surgery were divided into ERAS group and routine treatment group.All patients underwent laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer.The operative situation,postoperative recovery and complications were analyzed in this study.Results There was no difference in the operation time and bleeding volume between the operation group and the conventional treatment group(P>0.05).The postoperative ventilation and defecation time in the ERAS group were earlier than those in the routine treatment group.The postoperative hospital stay and the postoperative pain score were lower than those in the routine treatment group.The rate of postoperative complications was lower than that in the routine treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusion The operation of laparoscopic colorectal cancer under the guidance of ERAS can help patients to recover from hospital,shorten the hospitalization time and reduce the cost of hospitalization.The further application of ERAS should be combined with various disciplines.

The diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder plays a key role in the selection of treatment methods.However we still lack of effective means to exclude the malignant transformation currently.It is believed that lesions,whose diameter more than 10 mm,tend to be malignant.In addition,multiple imagings and related risk factors can also bring us some valuable tips.This article summarizes the current research progress related to the differential diagnosis of the disease,hoping to provide help for the clinicians in the timing of operation for such disease.

AIM:To investigate the effect of Haikun Shenxi Capsule(fucoidan)on disorder of lipid metabolism on the patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).METHODS:98 patients with CKD 3、4 stage were divided into 2 groups at random:control group were given routine therapy and therapy group were given routine therapy plus Haikun Shenxi Capsule.The changes of the levels of TCH,TG,HDL-Ch,LDL-Ch,VLDL-Ch,ApoA-1,ApoB in 2 groups were observed.RESULTS:The level of TCH,TG decreased significantly(P 0.05).CONCLUSION:Haikun Shenxi Capsule has a positive effect on disorder of lipid metabolism on the patients with CKD.

BACKGROUND: As a method to effectively improve organic tolerance and velocity, altitude training has been gradually accepted by the coaches,and it is a problem to be solved to find the optimal altitude.OBJECTIVE: To establish rat models of stimulating altitude training, and observe the changes of myocardial cell structure in the altitude training, so as to provide scientific animal models for the physiological studies of altitude training, and provide more scientific theoretical evidence for the altitude training of athletes.DESIGN: Based on the division of altitude region in aerospace medicine,the experimental animals were divided into different altitude training groups and control groups. Morphological characters of cellular and subcellular structures were observed under electron microscope, the biochemical analysis of cardiac troponin T were performed, and then the myocardial injury was completely analyzed from two pathways of morphology and biochemistry.SETTING: Laboratory of Sports and Human Sciences, Tsinghua University.MATERIALS: The experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Sports and Human Sciences, Tsinghua University from January 2000 to December 2002. Totally 372 male SD rats were used. The experimental materials included hypobaric oxygen chamber, Japanese H-500 transmission electron microscope and the kit for testing serum cardiac troponin T index.METHODS: After adaptive swimming training for 1 week, all the 372 rats were randomly divided into 9 groups and 54 subgroups, only 6 groups of them were analyzed in this experiment, including stimulating acute altitude hypoxia training at 4 000 m group (n=32), hypoxia without training group (n=24), stimulating acute altitude training at 4 000 m followed by reoxygen training for 1 week group (n=32), stimulating acute altitude training at 4000 m followed by reoxygen training for 2 weeks group (n=32), increasing altitude training group (n=32) and plain training control group (n=24). Rats in the plain training control group lived and trained in normal conditions,and those in the other groups all trained with swimming in the stimulating altitude environment for 4 weeks. They were trained for 7 days every week,once a day and 60 minutes for each time for 4 weeks. The serum cardic troponin T index of rats was detected and observed with enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). After stimulating acute altitude training at 4 000 m for 4 weeks followed by reoxygen training for 2 weeks, the rats were killed, and a small piece of myocardial tissue was taken from left and right ventricles, then double-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate,and the ultrastructure of the sections was observed with Japanese H-500 transmission electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The serum cardiac troponin T index of rats trained at different altitude, and the results of spectrum and observation of myocardial ultrastucture under electron microscope were mainly observed.RESULTS: ① Changes of body mass: The myocardial increasing rate in the hypoxia training group was significantly different from those in the hypoxia without training control group and plain training control group (P ＜ 0.01), and there was also significant difference between the latter two groups (P ＜ 0.05). The increasing rate of body mass was significantly different among the hypoxia training group, hypoxia without training control group and plain training control group (22.41％, 28.14％, 33.48％,P ＜ 0.01-0.05). ② Results of cardiac troponin T: Compared with the hypoxia without training group, the value of cardiac troponin T in the hypoxia training groups was significantly different, and significantly increased with weeks of training (P ＜ 0.01). During the hypoxia altitude training below 4 000 m for 1-4 weeks, the value of cardiac troponin T ranged in creased from 0.09 to 0.128 μg/L, and it gradually recovered to 0.09 μg/L after reoxygen training in plain for 2 weeks. ③ The results of observation under electron microscope showed that after acute hypoxia training at 4 000 m for 4 weeks, myocardial mitochondrial structure occurred mild swelling with the prolongation of training, and for the rats received reoxygen training in plain for 2 weeks, the thick and thin myofilaments of myocardial fibers formed light and dark bands were clear and distinct, and the myotomes arranged orderly, besides clustered or scattered glycogen granules, a great amount of mitochondria also existed among muscular bundles, no swelling, degeneration of vacuoles, lysis necrosis, interstitial edema and other pathological changes were observed.CONCLUSION: It is safe to train rats at any altitude below 4 000 m. The acute exercise training of great intensity directly at 4 000 m will cause the mild injury of cardiac subcellular structure, and the increase of cardiac troponin T concentration. The training by means of increasing altitude has slighter influence on the myocardial injury, and the recovery after training is also faster.

Objective To study the effects of DMF on the quality of spermatozoa and sex hormone levels in male mice,and the possible mechanism. Methods Forty male KM mice were randomly divided into four groups and then treated with DMF dissolved in distilled water by gavage (10 ml/kg) at the doses of 0,0.5,1 and 2 g/kg,once a day for 30 consecutive days. The mice were weighted and then sacrificed on day 31. The epididymises were collected for determination of sperm motility,sperm counting and determination of abnormal sperm rate. The T,LH,and FSH levels in serum were determined. Results Compared with the control group,mice in all treated groups showed significant decrease in body weight (P

Both indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and immunoenzymatic staining technique(IEST) were used as methods for the comparable detections of 200 cases of patients with schistosomiasis japonica and 100 healthy individuals. The average positive rate in schistosomiasis cases is 99% with both tests, while the false positive rate in healthy individuals is 5% with the former and 3% with the latter. When 322 cases of other parasitic infections and patients with medical diseases were tested by IFAT and IEST, cross-reaction was observed only in clon-orchiasis, fasciolopsiasis and paragonimiasis, 4-6% with IFAT and 0-4% with IEST respectively. 87.6-93.7% showed negative reaction to both tests in schistosomiasis patients during different stages after treatment. It is considered that IFAT and IEST are effective means of serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica, while IEST can be applied suitably in tbe fields for practical purposes.