In the light of experimental results, two case-control studies and one cohort study in a population of ginseng cultivation area were conducted to confirm whether ginseng has any anticarcinogenic effect on human cancers. All participants were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire to obtain the information on demographics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and ginseng intake. In 905 pairs case-control study, 62% had a history of ginseng intake compared to 75% of the controls, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). The odds ratio (OR) for cancer in relation to ginseng intake was 0.56. In extended case-control study with 1987 pairs, the ORs for cancer were 0.37 in fresh ginseng extract users, 0.57 in white ginseng extract users, 0.30 in white ginseng extract users, 0.30 in white ginseng powder users, and 0.20 in red ginseng users. Those who took fresh ginseng slices, fresh ginseng juice, and white ginseng tea, however, did not show decrease in the risk. Overall, the risk decreased as the frequency and duration of ginseng intake increased. With respect to the site of cancer, the ORs for cancers of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung and ovary were significantly reduced by ginseng intake. Smokers with ginseng intake showed lower ORs for cancers of lung, lip, oral cavity and pharynx and liver than those without ginseng intake. In 5 yr follow- up cohort study conducted in the ginseng cultivation area, Kangwha-eup, ginseng intakers had significantly lower risk than non-intakers. As for the type of ginseng, cancer risk significantly decreased among intakers of fresh ginseng extract, alone or together with other ginseng preparations. Among 24 red ginseng intakers, no cancer death occurred during the follow-up period. The risk for stomach and lung cancers was significantly reduced by ginseng intake, showing a statistically significant dose-response relationship in each follow-up year. In conclusion, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been established as non-organ specific cancer preventive, having dose response relationship. These results warrant that ginseng extracts and its synthetic derivatives should be examined for their preventive effect on various types of human cancers.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/*therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Panax ; Plant Roots ; Population Surveillance

Alteration of the chemical composition of aqueous humor may be closely related to the occurrence of glaucoma. Comparison of chemical composition of aqueous humor in glaucoma patients with that of the normal eyes is thought to be helpful in searching the pathogenesis and treatment modality of glaucoma. Concentration of 8 chemical components in the aqueous humor of cataract eyes as well as glaucoma eyes was analyzed and the differences between the two groups were searched by the authors. Subjects were 47 eyes of 47 cataract patients and 35 eyes of 32 glaucoma patients. During the operation 0.1-0.2cc of aqueous humor was collected by anterior chamber paracentesis and 10cc of blood was also drawn. In cataract patients, the mean values were Na+;145.2, K+;4.0, Cl-;123.7, HCO3-; 22.9 mEq/l, Ca++;6.6, Mg++;1.7, glucose; 48.2 mg/100 ml and ascorbic acid; 245.5 microgram/ml. In glaucoma patients, the mean values were Na+;142.1, K+;4.0, Cl-;126.0, HCO3-;17.6 mEq/I, Ca++;6.3, Mg++;1.9, glucose; 59.4 mg/100 ml and ascorbic acid; 227.5 microgram/ml. Aqueous glucose concentration was 55% of blood glucose level, and aqueous ascorbic acid concentration was 62 times higher than that in blood. Regarding the eight components in aqueous humor, no significant difference was found between cataract and glaucoma patients. Lack of significant difference in ascorbic acid levels between the two groups was thought to be due to the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors prior to glaucoma surgery.
Anterior Chamber ; Aqueous Humor* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Blood Glucose ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Cataract* ; Glaucoma* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Paracentesis

The effects of cortisone administration and whole body irradiation by X-ray upon mesenteric mast cells of intact and adrenalectomized albino rats were studied. In intact rats, the administration of cortisone (50mg./kg) and whole body irradiation by X-ray (800r) caused severe degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells within 24 hours. However their degranulation and disrupting effects upon mesenteric mast cells were markedly inhibited after the removal of the adrenal gland. Although the adrenalectomy alone hardly caused these morphological changes of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats. According to this experiment it is fairly clear that the effects of cortisone and whole body X-ray irradiation inducing degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats, were not direct phenomena but they indirectly affected the mesenteric mast cells through some special mechanism mediated by the adrenal gland.

Ever since Fujidani made his report in 1905, many workers have studied the chemical components of Panax Ginseng and their effects on depression of blood pressure. Ri1ey (1952) and other workers have demonstrated the degranulation of mast cells in experimental animaIs treated with some histamine liberators, and the existence of a histamine liberator in the water extract of ginseng has been demonstrated by pharmacological assay by Lee et aI (1960). This present study was intended observe the disruption and degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats administered the water extract of ginseng, which might contain the histamine liberator. Variab1e doses of the water extract were injected intraperitoneally, and the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells was histologically demonstrated by means of toluidin blue, Giemsa, May-Gr nwa1d and Wright's stains. Degranulation began in the experimental group given 4ml of the extract mixed with 16cc. of Tyrode solution; the severity of degranulation increased probably with the dose of the extract, and extreme degranulation took place in the groups injected with dose of 6 or 8ml of the extract.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Coloring Agents ; Depression ; Histamine ; Mast Cells* ; Panax* ; Rats* ; Water*

In the present study, we have tried to isolate and identify herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV 2) from clinical specirnens, which were inoculated into Vero cell line and grown. Eight strains of viruses were isolated from 20 suspected cases diagnosed from the pr ivate clinics in Seoul. Viruses isolated from 4 rnale and 1 female cases with active lesion were identified to the HSV 2 by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody to HSV-2. In addition, morphology of the isolated viruses were observed under electron microscope.
Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Herpes Simplex* ; Herpesvirus 2, Human* ; Humans ; Seoul ; Simplexvirus* ; Vero Cells

A Radical gastrectomy can affect the dumping syndrome, reflux gastritis, injury of the autonomic nervous system and the small capacity syndrome and can cause some problems in the quality of life for post-gastrectomy patients. To minimize these complications in the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC), various gastric-reduced operations have been discussed by gastric surgeons. A pylorus preserving gastrectomy (PPG) is a kind of reduced-gastric operation which preserves the distal portion (1.5 cm) of the gastric antrum and reduces postoperative complications such as the dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis. However, a limitation of this operation is that complete lymph node dissection of the suprapyloric lymph node is undesirable for preservation of the pyloric branch of the vagus nerve. Nowadays, some reports state that this operation may be applicable in EGC confined to the mucosa and located at the gastric mid-body. (Purpose) This study was designed to evaluate the gastric function after PPG by using solid foods to obtain the gastric emptying time. (Materials and Method) From June 1995 to December 1995, we performed PPGs on 7 patients (4 patients with mucosal cancer, 2 patients with gastric ulcer and 1 patient with a leiomyoma) and Billroth I reconstruction in 7 patients (5 patients with mucosal cancer, 1 patient with advanced gastric cancer and 1 patient with gastric ulcer). To compare the gastric function between these two subgroups, we analyzed the lag time, T1/2 and the residual food after 100 min using 99mTc-tin-colloid-steamed eggs to obtain the gastric emptying time for the PPG group (n=7), the Billroth I reconstruction group (n=7), and the normal control group (n=7). A statistical analysis was done by using the Kruskal-Wallis test (Chi-square approximation). (Results) There were no differences in the amount of transfusion, the hospital stay, the operation time, and the body weight loss after operation between the PPG group and the Billroth I reconstruction group. The severe dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis were found in one of the patients after Billroth I reconstruction, but were not found in PPG group. Statistically, there was no difference in T1/2 between the Billroth I reconstruction group and the PPG group; however, both lag times were longer than that of the normal control group. We also found that the residual food 100 min after oral intake was greater in both the Billroth I reconstruction and the PPG groups than in the normal control group. (Conclusion) Though both PPG and Billroth I reconstruction showed delayed gastric emptying, we found that PPG is superior to Billroth I reconstruction in lag time and in the amount of residual food after 100 min. We conclude that PPG is superior to Billroth I reconstruction in gastric motility, and if this operation is applied in indicated gastric cancer patients, post-operative complications, such as the dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis can be reduced and the quality of life in post-gastrectomy patients can be increased.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Body Weight ; Dumping Syndrome ; Eggs ; Esophagitis, Peptic ; Gastrectomy ; Gastric Emptying ; Gastritis ; Gastroenterostomy ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucous Membrane ; Ovum ; Postgastrectomy Syndromes* ; Postoperative Complications ; Pyloric Antrum ; Pylorus ; Quality of Life ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Stomach Ulcer ; Vagus Nerve

No abstract available.
HIV* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Meningitis* ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Peritonitis*

Sjogren's syndrome(SS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal and sailvary glands, which results in dry eyes and dry mouth. SS may exist as a secondary condition or as a secondary condition in association with connective tissue disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or progressive systemic sclerosis. We experienced a patient with primary SS who developed multiple bullae, nodular type of pulmonary amyloidosis and lymphocytic interstitial peumonitis. We believe this to be the first reported case of SS acompanied by these three types pulmonary manifestations at the same time.
Amyloidosis* ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Bronchioles* ; Connective Tissue Diseases ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Mouth ; Scleroderma, Diffuse ; Sjogren's Syndrome*

The present study was aimed at investigating whether there are changes in the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in relation with the unclipping-induced fall of blood pressure in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made 2K1C hypertensive by clipping the left renal artery for four weeks. Sham-clipped rats served as control. The expression of endothelial constitutive (ec) NOS proteins and tissue levels of NO metabolites were determined in the kidney. Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in clipped rats compared with that in the control. The development of hypertension was associated with decreases in the expression of ecNOS proteins and tissue levels of NO metabolites in the clipped kidney. The blood pressure at twenty-four hours after removal of the renal arterial clip fell to the control level. Accordingly, in the unclipped kidney, the expression of ecNOS proteins and tissue contents of NO metabolites were increased to the control level. The contralateral kidney was not affected by the development or reversal of hypertension. It is suggested that an enhanced expression of ecNOS in the unclipped kidney is an important component in the reversal of renovascular hypertension.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension, Renovascular* ; Kidney ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Artery