Morphometry of nuclei of the benign and malignant prostatic lesions was performed to study the relationship between nuclear size and shape and the prognosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Fifty one cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 13 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia were included to evaluate area, perimeter, Dmax, Dmin, and 5 form factors of the nuclei by image analyzer (Zeiss Ibas 2000) using hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. All analytic factors of nuclear size and shape were significantly different between benign lesions and adenocarcinomas. Increased nuclear size was associated with nu- clear irregularity, presence of metastasis, advanced clinical stage, and high Gleason's grade and score of prostatic adenocarcinoma. On Kaplan-Meier method, survival was decreased with older age, no hormonal treatment, stage D, high Gleason's grade and stage as well as with larger size and irregular shape of the nuclei. In conclusion, morphometry of nuclei of the prostate can be a helpful tool to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Nuclear morphology is thought to be associated with prognosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Breast ; Fibroadenoma ; Hepatitis B e Antigens* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia

During the last three years, from 1967 to 1970, three hundred and three cases of psoriasis were treated by Goeckrman's regimen and oral methotrexate, 270 cases and 33 cases respectively. Authors evaluated the clinical effectivness and side effect of methotrexate and it compared with the result of Goeckermans method and review about the articles. Of the 303 psoriatics, 140 were male(44%) and 163 were female(55.6%). The majority of the primary manifestation appeared in 16 to 30 year .age group with maximal occurence in the 16 year to 20 year age group (53 cases), but 33 cases were noted below the 10 years old age(Fig.2). The duration of the disease in most cases was 1 to 10 years,but the highest number, in 72 cases, was 1 to 5 years group(Fig 3 A, 3 B). 40 cases was in below 6 months. The methotrexate were administered orally, 2. 5 mg. tab., twice daily(5 mg) for 5 to 7 days, followed by 3 to 5 days resting in accordance with the, patient's condittion. The Goeckerman regirnen of 2% coal tar and 2% salicylic acid in vaselin applied to whole skin lesions in the night and the excess tar was removed frorn skin by gentle wiping with a gauze pat, saturated with Arachis oil, in the next morning, follawed by ultra-violet ray irradiation for 30 second at first day, then the dose increased 30 second daily to reach 5 min. After the ultra-violet irradiation bath was done, and one hour later 2% coal tar and 2% salicylic acid vaselin were applied again. These schedules were repeated 2 to 3 courses (20 to 30 days) in mast cases. In occasion of Goeckerman treatment, among the completely cleared 93 cases during the preveous treatment, the most cases were recurred within 3 to 12 months but 16 cases within 1 month. In occasion of methotrexate, the lesions recurred within 6 months to 2 years in 17 cases of the 33 cases, but 3 cases were within one month after completely cured preveously. The starting of remission, in Goeckerman methods, was noted within 7 to 14 days in most cases(13 cases), and in 3 cases it started within 3 to 4 days. And the completely clearing of the lesions noted within 20 to 25 days in most cases(16 to 21 cases). The starting of remission, in methotrexate treatment of 33 cases, was occurred within 1 to 2 weeks in most cases(27 cases), and completely clearing of lesions noticed within 14 ta 20 days in 28 cases. But in 2 cases it needed only 7 days to make completely clearing the skin lesions. The side effects of the Goeckerman's method were as follow : 1) Contact dermatitis due to tar hypersensitivity in 3 cases. 2) Mild local burn due to over dose irradiation of ultra-violet ray in 5 eases, otherwise no appreciable side effects were noted. The side effecst of methotrexate were noted in 17 cases among the 33 cases. 1) Aphtous ulcer in 4 cases, 2) Peptic ulcer in one case, 3) Tinitus in one case, 4) Other side effects such as dizziness, loss of appetite, headache, fatiguability were notable in 10 cases. 5) In addition to above mentioned sidle effects the blood chemistry include L.P.T., wbc count, platelet count, ESR, Hgb, and creatinine showed as follow before and after administration of methotrexate. a) The white blood cells, platelet count were tend to decrease after the administration of methotrexate than before one. b) Among 33 cases the SGPT levels were checked in 16 cases, and in most cases it raised more and less than before the administration of methotrexate, but only 8 cases were ahove the normal ranges(35 units). The SGOT level also raised after one course, but only 8 cases were above normal ranges(40 units). c) Hgb, ESR, creatinine showed no remarkable changes. In many references the effects and side effects of methotrexate were discussed, but their view were not uniform and variable. In the clinical improvement, recurrency, and side effects, the large single weekly dose of methotrexate had no fundamental differences compare with the author's small daily doses. We agree with the Ryan's report(11), in which the large single dose were not always safer and more effective than the small dose. Still there are many important problems to study about the dosage, interval of administration, and resting period in the treatment of psoriasis with methotrexate.
Alanine Transaminase ; Appetite ; Appointments and Schedules ; Arachis ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Baths ; Burns ; Chemistry ; Child ; Coal Tar ; Creatinine ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Leukocytes ; Methotrexate* ; Peptic Ulcer ; Platelet Count ; Psoriasis* ; Salicylic Acid ; Skin ; Ulcer ; Ultraviolet Rays

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often associated with extrahepatic autoimmune disease, and autoantibodies such as anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) or anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASA). The presence of autoantibodies may make discrimination between chronic hepatitis C with autoimmune features and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis difficult. We studied the prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with chronic HCV infection and their clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ANA, ASA, anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA), anti-microsomal antibody (AmA), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) and lupus anti-coagulant (LA) were tested in 116 patients (80 chronic hepatitis C, 36 liver cirrhosis). Genotypes of HCV were determined in 25 patients by INNO LiPA. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of autoantibody was 65.5%. The most common autoantibody was aCL (34.5%), followed by ANA (25%), RF (18%), LA (15.5%), ASA (6.9%), anti-microsomal antibody (6%) and AMA (1%). The positive rate of either ANA or ASA was 30.2%, but both were positive in 1.7% only. There was no difference in the demographic features, biochemistry, HCV genotypes and disease status between autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: Autoantibodies were commonly found in patients with chronic HCV infection. But, the presence of autoantibodies may be a non-specific finding in chronic hepatitis C infection without clinical significance.
Autoantibodies* ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Biochemistry ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Genotype ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Liver ; Prevalence* ; Rheumatoid Factor

Five volunteers received patch tests with 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SIS) in solutions of differing pH. The irritant effect was monitored by visual scoring as well as by a laser Doppler vlelocimeter, evaporimeter, cutometer, and colorimeter. The non-invasive methods used in this study with the exception of the cutometer were effective in the evaluation of skin irritation. No significant differences in the skin responses to SIS in different pH solutions were found either clinically or by the non-invasive methods used for quantification. It was concluded that the pH of SIS is not a major factor in the degree of skin irritation produced by SIS.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Volunteers

While a giant cell tumor most frequently involves the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia, involvement of the cervical spine is quite rare. Recently we observed a patient with a giant cell tumor affecting the sixth cervical vertebra. This is regarded as a clinically malignant tumor because its nature and difficulty in diagnosis and treatment We easily confirmed the extent of the lesion by CT scanning with Metrizamide. The treatment was palliative tumor ressection. This case of a giant cell tumor affecting the sixth cervical vertebra is reported with a brief review of the literature.
Diagnosis ; Femur ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Giant Cells ; Humans ; Metrizamide ; Spine ; Tibia ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Fractures of the femoral neck in children are rare and usually occur as a result of severe trauma. They are one of the most challenging injuries to treat. Their complication rate is high and their anatomic and physiologic characteristics make treatment difficult. The commonly encountered complications are avascular necrosis, nonunion, coxa vara and premature fusion of epiphyseal plate. Treatment of these fractures remains an unsolved problem but accurate reduction held with adequate internal fixation would appear to offer the best chance for succesful results. We report our observations in the treatment of eighteen cases of fracture of the femoral neck in children. Included is a review of references. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Among 18 patients, 11 were boys and 7 were girls. the highest incidence was between the ages of 5 and 7 years. 2. The main causes of fractures were traffic accidents in 10 cases (55.5%), falling from a height, and slipping down. 3. The commonest type of fracture was the cervicotrochanteric type (47.4%). Twelve cases were displaced fractures (66.7 %). 4. The range of Pauwels angle varied from 20° to 70°. 5. The commonly associated injuries were pelvic bone fractures, extremity fractures, skull fractures and soft tissue injuries. 6. Nine cases were treated by skin traction and plaster cast. Five cases ere treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with K-wires or knowles pins. 7. In 13 of the 18 cases, follow-up studies were done for an average period of 18 months. 8. The results were analyzed according to the Ratliffs assessment. Among the 13 cases, 10 cases showed good results, two fair and one poor. 9. All cases treated by closed reduction and internal fixation showed good results without complications. 10. Complications developed in five cases (38.5%), three cases of avascular necrosis and two cases of coxa vara. Among these five cases, one case of avascular necrosis developed as a result of neglect of the fracture and the others as a result of too conservative a treatment. 11. Secondary treatment of trochanteric arthroplasty was required in only one neglected case. This was further by avascular necrosis and the results were poor. 12. As a result, we recommond closed reduction and internal fixation as the most favorable method of treatment for the fracture of the femoral neck in children.
Accidental Falls ; Accidents, Traffic ; Arthroplasty ; Casts, Surgical ; Child ; Clinical Study ; Coxa Vara ; Extremities ; Female ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Pelvic Bones ; Skin ; Skull Fractures ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Traction

130 cases of the suprarcondylar fractures of the humerus in children were analysed. 60 cases were immobilized with plaster splint without closed reduction. 22 cases were closedly reduced and immobilized with plaster splint. 47 cases were closedly reduced and were fixed percutaneously with K-wires. 39 cases were operatively reduced and were fixed with K-wires. The following results were obtained. 1. The average age was 7.9 years, and the male and female ratio was 2.7: 1. 2. The extension type was 96.2% and the flexion type was 3.8%. 3. The left side (64.6%) was more frequently involved. 4. As associated complications, nerve injury (4.6%), vascular injury (2.3%), open fracture (2.3%), and associated fracture (2.3%). were developed. During treatment incomplete ulnar nerve palsy (2.3%), pin tract superficial infection(3.1%), severe cubitus varus deformity(4.6%), severe limitation of elbow motion(11.6%) were also developed. 5. Final results in the Holmberg's 4 Groups according to Mitchell & Adams' criteria showed that the more the displacement of fracture is increased, the more the poor result is also increased. 6. In spite of the selection of the more severe cases for surgery, the results of the operative cases were better than those achieved by closed reduction in the easier cases. 7. In the displaced fractures, immediate open reduction brings the satisfactory results and minimizies the sequellae.
Child ; Elbow ; Female ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Humerus ; Male ; Splints ; Ulnar Neuropathies ; Vascular System Injuries

The authors performed the interfascicular nerve grafting in the gap of injured nerves using the microsurgical technique to obtain the accurate coaptation of the fascicles. The authors experienced the 33 cases(26 patients) of the interfascicular nerve grafting in the median(11), ulnar(9), radial(2), common peroneal(3) and digital(8) nerves at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University from Jan. 1980 to June 1984. The patients were followed up from 12 to 26 months (average 20 1/2 months). The following results were obtained; 1. The shorter the length of the donor nerve and the younger the age of the patients are, the better the recovery of the nerve function is. 2. The medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of forearm as donor nerve are suitable as well as the sural and superficial radial nerves. 3. The end result of each patient was evaluated by Seddon's classification. The excellent motor recovery was 72.0% (18/25) and the excellent sensory recovery was 81.8% (27/33). 4. The interfascicular nerve grafting is an excellent method in treating the widely separated,severed peripheral nerve injury.
Classification ; Forearm ; Humans ; Methods ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Peripheral Nerves ; Radial Nerve ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

Forty five gonococcal patients were treated with spectinomycin hydrochloride at the Department of Urology, St. Mary's Hospital from August 1. 1972 to December 32. 1972. All patients were male and confirmed as acute gonorrheal urethritis by gram stained smear or culture. The cure ability in this series was very satisfactory The results were as follows; 1. Gram negative ;intracellular diplococci was controlled in 29 patients (96.7%) among 3O patients with pure gonococcal infection with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride. 2. Gram negative intracellular diplococci was controlled in 14 patients (93.3%) among 15 patient with mixed infection with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride. 3. Only two in all patients were controlled in gram negative intracellular diplococci with repeat injection. 4. 4 patients (13.3%) of the pure gonoccoccal patients with a single injection were converted to non-specific urethritis, which were treated with combination of other antibiotics. 5. 5 patients (33.3%) of the mixed infected patients with a single injection were converted to nonspecific urethritis, which were treated with combination of other antibiotics. 6. No side effect was noted in all patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Coinfection ; Humans ; Male ; Spectinomycin* ; Urethritis* ; Urology

Forty five gonococcal patients were treated with spectinomycin hydrochloride at the Department of Urology, St. Mary's Hospital from August 1. 1972 to December 32. 1972. All patients were male and confirmed as acute gonorrheal urethritis by gram stained smear or culture. The cure ability in this series was very satisfactory The results were as follows; 1. Gram negative ;intracellular diplococci was controlled in 29 patients (96.7%) among 3O patients with pure gonococcal infection with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride. 2. Gram negative intracellular diplococci was controlled in 14 patients (93.3%) among 15 patient with mixed infection with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride. 3. Only two in all patients were controlled in gram negative intracellular diplococci with repeat injection. 4. 4 patients (13.3%) of the pure gonoccoccal patients with a single injection were converted to non-specific urethritis, which were treated with combination of other antibiotics. 5. 5 patients (33.3%) of the mixed infected patients with a single injection were converted to nonspecific urethritis, which were treated with combination of other antibiotics. 6. No side effect was noted in all patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Coinfection ; Humans ; Male ; Spectinomycin* ; Urethritis* ; Urology