Based on some European universities the author wants to analyse their education system and find some enlightenment on our post-graduate education construction of medical laboratory science.

The result of medical licensing examination is an objective reflection of the quality of medical education. The average scores and pass rates of medical licensing examination of the military medical university including The Third Military Medical University, were under the national average levels, which made us find the problems, therefore, reflection on curriculum structure, teaching method, administration mode and continuing education should be integrated to the requirement of the medical licensing examination, so as to let the students meet the complex demand of the society, as well as the special requirement of military service.

AIM: To determine the expression of c-kit mRNA and protein in the bladders in guinea pigs with diabetic cystopathy (DCP) and to explore the correlation and mechanisms between c-kit expression and DCP. METHODS: Sixty guinea pigs were divided randomly into control group (n=20) and experimental group (n=40). The guinea pigs in experimental group were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes mellitus. After fed for 10 weeks, the animals in both groups were tested with urodynamics, and the guinea pigs in experimental group were divided into the subgroups of DCP and the diabetic no-cystopathy (NDCP) group according to the results of urodynamics. mRNA expression of c-kit was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein expression of c-kit was tested and analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS: Decreased expression of c-kit mRNA was observed in DCP group compared to control and the NDCP group. The ratio of c-kit mRNA and GAPDH was 5.66±0.54 in controls (P<0.05), 5.54±1.28 in NDCP group (P<0.05) and 4.65 ±0.47 in DCP group. c-kit protein expression significantly declined in DCP group. The mean value of fluorescence intensity was 856.52± 53.03 in control group, 844.67± 59.24 in NDCP group and 548.69± 48.51 in DCP (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The declined expression of c-kit) gene at transcription and translation levels destroys the SCF/c-kit signal pathway, leading to the dysfunction of Cajal-like) cells in DCP guinea pig, so the abnormal expression of c-kit gene is involved in the pathogenesis of DCP.

Objective To discuss the types of ICC and characteristics of spontaneous Ca2+ waves of different types of ICC in the bladder of guinea pig. Methods Frozen-sections were made from the bladder of guinea pig and ICC were cultured in vitro. Cells were stained by indirect immunofluorescent method and detected by Laser scanning confocal microscope. The ICC cultured in vitro were divided randomly into 4 group: dimmer ICC,monomer ICC,dimmer ICC treated with 2-APB group and monomer ICC treated with 2-APB group according to the cell morphology and disrupted with 2-APB.The calcium concentration of ICC cultured in vitro were marked with Fluo-4 AM and disrupted by 2-aminoethoxydipheylbrate (2-APB, 100 μmol/L) in dimmer ICC treated with 2-APB group and monomer ICC treated with 2-APB group. The calcium oscillation function of ICC was observed under Laser scanning confocal microscope. Results For the monomer ICC and dimmer ICC in frozen sections and cultured in vitro,there were increased frequency (P＜0.01) and amplitude (P＜0.05) of spontaneous Ca2+ waves in dimmer ICC compared with the monomer monomer ICC. But after the cells disrupted by 2-APB after 15 min,There were decreased frequency (P＜0.01) and amplitude (P＜0.01) of spontaneous Ca2+ waves in the dimmer ICC treated with 2-ABP group compared with the dimmer ICC. The changes(P＞0.05) of spontaneous Ca2+ waves was not statistical significance in monomer ICC treated with 2-ABP group compared with monomer ICC group. Conclusions The bladder of guinea pig may exist 2 different types of ICC, dimmer ICC and monomer ICC. The excitability of spontaneous Ca2+ waves of dimmer ICC could be higher than in monomer ICC. The special structure of dimmer ICC may contribute to the formation of high spontaneous Ca2+ waves.

In this paper,the constitute elements of Sino-US licensed doctors' practical skill examination evaluation index system are expounded.Through comparison,the differences on the formulation basis,classification principle,test content,and ability requirements are inferred;On the basis of referring to the advanced experience and practice of the United States,and by combining the requirements of the most basic requirements of global medical education,suggestions for improving the Chinese licensed doctors' practical skill examination evaluation index system are proposed in terms of integrating the test syllabus classification,adjusting the distribution of clinical practice ability examination content,increasing the proportion of medical humanities content test,as well as establishing a scientific examination evaluation index weight table.

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This paper briefly introduced the development course, present situation and characteris-tics of United States Medical Licensing Clinical skills examination. Based on the elaboration of four key elements, namely organization and management, subjects setting, method and form, and evaluation method-ology, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages, to provide experiences and references for improving and perfecting our country's Medical Licensing Clinical skills examination.

0.05). Results The median survival of patients with splenectomy and without (splenectomy) was (507.4?318.6) days and (849.4?672.9) days,respectively.The patients without splenectomy survived (significantly) longer than those with splenectomy(P=0.046).The 1-year,3-year and 5-year survival rates of patients with splenectomy and without splenectomy were 61.18%, 8.23%, (0%) and (81.56%), 48.28%, 30.62%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that (only ) (splenectomy) was an independent prognostic factor (P=0.007). Conclusions The rates of postoperative complications and tumors recurrence were not influenced by splenectomy. Splenectomy did not prolong the survival time of patients with proximal gastric carcinoma who underwent radical total gastrectomy. Preservation of the spleen can prolong postoperative survival time and improve the survival rate in these patients.Splenectomy might only be (appropriate) for patients with direct invasion of the spleen.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the treatment results and prognostic factors in patients with primary bone lymphomas (PBL).Methods Thirty-one patients with PBL treated between April 1994 and May 2009 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were analyzed.All patients were diagnosed by pathology.Twenty-two patients had stage Ⅰ E, 4 patients had stage Ⅱ E and 5 patients had stage ⅣE diseases.One patient was treated with surgical resection alone, 1 patient with radiotherapy (RT) alone, 2 patients with chemotherapy (CT) alone and 4 patients with resection followed by chemotherapy.The remaining 23 patients received CT combined with RT.The median radiation dose was 50 Gy.Results The median follow-up time was 45.2 months.The follow-up rate was 83.9%.Nine patients had a follow-up time of 10 years.The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 92% and 92%, respectively.The 5-year and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 79% and 70%, respectively.In the group who received non-combined chemoradiotherapy, the complete response rate was 50%, the incidence of progression or recurrence was 2/8 and the median recurrence time was 6.8 months.In the group who received combined chemoradiotherapy, the complete response rate was 65%, the incidence of progression or recurrence was 13% and the median recurrence time was 39.1 months.In univariate analyses, favorable prognostic factors for survival included age≤50 years (χ2=5.32,P=0.021) and ECOG PS score 0-1(χ2=5.48,P=0.019).Favorable prognostic factors for DFS included IPI score≤1(χ2=7.81,P=0.005) and ECOG PS score 0-1(χ2=18.70,P=0.000).Conclusions Treatment results of patients with PBL can be generally well.CT combined with RT appears to be the treatment of choice.RT dose ≥40 Gy is safe and feasible.Younger age and better performance status are associated with a better outcome.

Purpose To clarify the morphologic changes and significance of interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells in the bladder of diabetic guinea pig.Methods The experimental guinea pigs were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).The diabetic guinea pig model, who were made succesful for 4 weeks, were detected through the urodynamic evaluation.The distribution of ICCs-like cells in the detrusor, which were taken from these guinea pigs,were quantitatively analyzed after frozen section and indirect immunofluorescence methods and observed by electron microscopy.Results In the diabetic group, the maximum detrusor pressure was signifently lower than controls (P＜0.01), maximum bladder capacity, compliance, residual volume and leak point pressures was significently higer than controls (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01);In detrusor, compared with control, the ICCs-like cells of diabetes group showed significently decreased in quantity. In diabetic bladder, the quantity of gap junctions between ICCs-like cells and cells around,such as smoth muscle cells,terminal nerves and other ICCs-like cells,decreased significently.And more cavities and less organoids occurred in cytoplasm of diabetic ICCs-like cells. Mitochondria became swollen or even disapeared, accompanied with swollen endocytoplasmic reticulum.Conclusion The decrease and injures of ICCs-like cells in bladder may be one of the mechanisms resulting in urodynamic changes of diabetic cystopathy.