BACKGROUND: Female hypertension has its own epidemicologic character and the chief interventions on it are various.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of female hypertension and observe the effects on rehabilitative and preventive intervention in demonstrative community for comprehensive prevention and treatment of cardiac cerebral vascular disease in Guizhou.DESIGN: Group randomization was designed. The samples of certain percentage were randomized according to total population from each village of 13 administrative areas.SETTING: Guizhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Renmin Hospital of Yunyan District in Guiyang, Guizhou Clinical Examination Center.PARTICIPANTS: Since 1996, a series of comprehensive prevention and treatment had been carried in the communities for cardiac cerebral vascular disease in Guizhou, involved 13 administrative areas and 112 villagecitizen groups, in which, 26 604 people were employed, living in the regions between town and country. Social natural condition and life behavior of majority citizen reflected the common state of people in town and country. Totally 3 934 people aged over 15 years were investigated in the communities, and were all in the known of investigation. The samples without complete data were excluded.METHODS: ① Base-line investigation was carried on for the groups over 15 years old according to the requirement for administrative region designed by Institute of Preventive Medicine of China Academy of Sciences from April 1st 2001 to May 15th . ② Health education and health promotion activity were carried on for the included groups. ③ Survey after intervention was given for females according to the survey items designed by Institute of Preventive Medicine of China Academy of Sciences from July 2002to June 2003. ④ Normal body-mass index (BMI) was 18.5-23.9 kg/m2,overweight was indicated if BMI was 24-27.9 kg/m2 and obesity was diagnosed if BMI ≥28 kg/m2. ⑤ Analysis was applied on comparison of BMI,waist to hip ratio (WHR), average blood pressure, the rates of incidence,awareness and treatment of hypertension and rate of high-salty and lipid diet. ⑥ t test was adopted for comparison of means between two samples and x2 test was used for rate comparison.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of the rates of incidence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension for females of different ages in community base-line investigation in Guizhou. ② Comparison of BMI, WHR and BP of females of various ages in baseline investigation.③ Comparison of incident rate of hypertension for females with various BMI in baseline investigation. ④ Comparison of BMI, WHR, BP, smoke, alcohol, rate of high-salty and lipid diet, the rates of incidence, awareness,treatment and control of hypertension for females between baseline investigation and post-intervention survey.RESULTS: In baseline investigation, 6 361 correct and complete forms were collected, with 99.84% qualified rate, of which, there were 3 934females. 1 141 data were qualified after intervention. It was indicated in community baseline investigation: ① Rates of incidence, awareness and treatment of hypertension for females were improved with increased age (P ＜ 0.05), and the control rate was decreased with increased age (P ＜ 0.05). ② BMI, WHR, SBP (systolic blood pressure) and DBP (diastolic blood pressure) and PP (pulse pressure) were improved significantly with in creased age (P ＜ 0.01). BMI for females was increased with ages, but was declined with age ≥60 years. ③ The incident rates of hypertension for groups of normal body mass, overweight and obesity were 15.05%, 23.87% and 39.37% successively, indicating that the hypertension inci dent rate was increased significantly with improved BMI (paired compari son, P ＜ 0.05). Comparison between post-intervention survey and base-line investigation: ① In the comparison, the results of BMI, WHR and BP means were reduced for most cases at same age and significant difference was displayed in majority (P ＜ 0.05). ② After intervention, smoke rate of females was increased significantly and rate of high-salty and lipid diet was decreased (P ＜ 0.05). ③ Incident rate after health intervention was decreased significantly compared with that before intervention (P ＜ 0.05),and the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were enhanced significantly (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: ① The rates of incidence, awareness, treatment and control of female hypertension are different in ages in community of Guizhou. ② The severity of risk factor of female hypertension is enhanced with increased age in community of Guizhou. ③ The increased body mass is the important factor of incident rate of hypertension. ④ Health education probably decreases the severity of risk factor of hypertension and increases the rates of awareness, treatment and control.

Pictet-Spenglerases (P-Sases) catalyze the Pictet-Spengler (P-S) reactions and exhibit high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity under mild conditions. The typical P-S reaction refers to the condensation and recyclization of β-arylethylamine with aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions to form tetrahydroisoquinoline and β-carboline alkaloid derivatives. The related enzymatic products of P-Sases are the backbones of various bioactive compounds, including clinical drugs: morphine, noscapine, quinine, berberine, ajmaline, morphine. Furthermore, the activity of P-Sases in stereoselective and regioselective catalysis is also valuable for chemoenzymatic synthesis. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress in the discovery, functional identification, biological characteristics and catalytic applications of P-Sases, which provide the useful theoretical reference in future P-Sases research and development.
Alkaloids/chemistry* ; Catalysis ; Enzymes/metabolism* ; Research/trends* ; Tetrahydroisoquinolines/chemistry*

Ribosomal engineering is a technique that can improve the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in the antibiotics-resistant mutants by attacking the bacterial RNA polymerase or ribosome units using the corresponding antibiotics. Ribosomal engineering can be used to discover and increase the production of valuable bioactive secondary metabolites from almost all actinomycetes strains regardless of their genetic accessibility. As a consequence, ribosomal engineering has been widely applied to genome mining and production optimization of secondary metabolites in actinomycetes. To date, more than a dozen of new molecules were discovered and production of approximately 30 secondary metabolites were enhanced using actinomycetes mutant strains generated by ribosomal engineering. This review summarized the mechanism, development, and protocol of ribosomal engineering, highlighting the application of ribosomal engineering in actinomycetes, with the aim to facilitate future development of ribosomal engineering and discovery of actinomycetes secondary metabolites.
Actinobacteria/metabolism* ; Actinomyces/genetics* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism* ; Multigene Family ; Ribosomes/genetics*

Cyclodipeptide (CDP) composed of two amino acids is the simplest cyclic peptide. These two amino acids form a typical diketopiperazine (DKP) ring by linking each other with peptide bonds. This characteristic stable ring skeleton is the foundation of CDP to display extensive and excellent bioactivities, which is beneficial for CDPs' pharmaceutical research and development. The natural CDP products are well isolated from actinomycetes. These bacteria can synthesize DKP backbones with nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or cyclodipeptide synthase (CDPS). Moreover, actinomycetes could produce a variety of CDPs through different enzymatic modification. The presence of these abundant and diversified catalysis indicates that actinomycetes are promising microbial resource for exploring CDPs. This review summarized the pathways for DKP backbones biosynthesis and their post-modification mechanism in actinomycetes. The aim of this review was to accelerate the genome mining of CDPs and their isolation, purification and structure identification, and to facilitate revealing the biosynthesis mechanism of novel CDPs as well as their synthetic biology design.
Actinobacteria/metabolism* ; Actinomyces/metabolism* ; Biological Products/metabolism* ; Bacteria/metabolism* ; Diketopiperazines/metabolism* ; Amino Acids