Persistant infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause leading to cervical cancer, which is ranked as second cancer threatening the health of women following breast cancer.Development of HPV vaccine is very important because there is no effective therapeutics for cervical cancer.Three currently licensed HPV vaccines based on major capsid protein L1 in the foreign market confered good safety and efficacy in clinical trials, but the current price is expensive due to high cost, which limits the wide application in developing countries.So far, the vaccines have not been launced in China market.Here, we review the progress and the current status of the HPV vaccine, which will attract the readers’ interest on the forthcoming emergence of HPV vaccine in China.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that sacral nerve-root stimulation based on anodes block technique can effectively reconstruct the bladder voiding function of the rabbits with spinal cord injury. But the corresponding technology of stimulating electrode has not been reported so far.
OBJECTIVE:To design and develop the stimulating electrodes matching with both rabbit sacral nerve roots and anodal blocking technique, to observe the ultrastructure and morphological change of rabbit sacral nerve roots which implanted in electrode stimulation for a long-term and to assess the safety of stimulating electrodes.
METHODS:Thirty New Zealand rabbits were included, 10 rabbits were randomly selected from them and sacrificed after anesthesia, and then cut the anterior roots of bilateral S 2 and S 3 immediately;after measuring the diameter under the light microscope, the sleeve type stimulation electrode matched with the diameter was made. The remaining 20 rabbits were randomly divided into control group and implantation group, with 10 rabbits in each group. In the implantation group, the stimulating electrodes were implanted into the forepart of S 2 and S 3 nerve roots after anesthesia, and then sacrificed after fed for half a year for col ecting the samples. Then ultrastructure change of sacral nerve roots with the implantation was observed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Structure of nerve cel s of sacral nerve roots remained in good condition under a light microscope after long-term implantation of the stimulating electrodes. No obvious degeneration of axons, no inflammatory infiltration and glial scar formation were observed. In the implantation group, myelins arranged closely without demyelination phenomenon, and there was no atrophy of neuronal nuclear, no nuclear sag, no increased nuclear decompression and heterochromatin in neurons under the light microscope. Immunohistochemical analysis showed, compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the expressions of glial fibril ary acidic protein, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins of nerve roots in the implantation group. The stimulation electrode of rabbit sacral nerve root is developed successful y, that is, the implantation is simple and safe as it can be used for long-term implantation without histopathological changes and apoptosis.

[Abstract ] Objective Chronic renal disease,a common and frequent disease,is the most cause inducing chronic renal failure. There is an important guiding significance for renal biopsy in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of renal disease.The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of renal biopsy and the relation between pathological types and clinical presentation in Tibet. Methods Between June 2011 and December 2013 in General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command, Lhasa, percutaneous renal biopsy were per-formed in 107 renal patients.In this study, the gender, age, pathologic entities, and clinical manifestation were analyzed retrospectively. The final diagnosis was made by the clinical manifestation, laboratory examination,and pathologic results. Results The mean age at renal biopsy was 29.8 ±12.2(10~66)years in 47 male cases (43.9%) and 69 female cases (56.1%).This includes 75 Tibetan cases (70.1%), 31 Han cases (28.9%), and Bai cases (1.0%).The primary glomerular disease was 95.3%and the secondary glomerular disease was 4.7%in the total 107 cases.Fourty-four point three percent of the primary glomerular disease were male cases and 100%of secondary glomerular disease were female cases.The main pathological type of the primary glomerular disease was podocyte nephropathy (43.9%), followed by membranous nephropathy (18.7%), IgA nephropathy (11.2%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (9.3%) and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (5.6%).The clinical manifestations of 107 cases were classified as syndrome of nephrotic syn-dromn(69.1%),urinary abnormalities(14.9%),isolated macrographic haematuria (3.7%),chronic renal failure(2.8%).Among the nephrotic syndrome,podocyte disease was 63.5%,membranous glomerulopathy was 18.9%,focal segmental glomeruolsclerosis was 8.1%,and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was 5.4%. Conclusion The primary glomerulonephritis was the most common glomerular diseases at high altitude area in Tibet.The most frequent type of pri-mary glomerular nephritis was podocyte disease, and the most frequent type of secondary glomerular nephritis was Henoch-Schonlein purpura glomerulonephritis.

Objective To explore the efficacy of partial splenic embolization (PSE) in the treatment of hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis using Meta-analysis.Methods Randomized control studies,cohort studies and case-control studies concerning the efficacy comparison of PSE and splenectomy in the treatment of hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis were searched on PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Wanfang data,CNKI,Cqvip and CBM for Meta-analysis.The cut-off time for searching was July 25,2015.RevMan software designed by Cochrane cooperation network was used for statistical analysis.The major outcomes indexes were preoperative and postoperative levels of platelet,leukocyte and hemoglobin.The secondary outcomes indexes were operative time,intraoperative bleeding and hospital stay.Results A total of 10 studies were selected.Meta-analysis showed the levels of platelet (mean difference [MD]-87.68,95 ％ CI [-125.70,-49.65]),leukocyte (MD-4.03,95％CI [-5.74,-2.33]) and hemoglobin (MD-0.79,95％CI [-1.48,-0.11]) after PSE treatment were higher than those before,and the levels of platelet (MD-128.31,95％CI [-162.59,-94.03]),leukocyte (MD-5.22,95％CI [-6.65,-3.80]) and hemoglobin (MD-1.42,95％CI [-2.66,-0.18]) after splenectomy were higher than those before the operation.The differences of platelet (MD 54.45,95％CI [37.60,71.30]),leukocyte (MD 1.71,95％CI [-0.01,3.42]) and hemoglobin (MD 0.78,95％CI [-0.01,1.56]) between postoperative and preoperative levels for PSE was lower than those for splenectomy.Compared with splenectomy,PSE exhibited less intraoperative bleeding (MD-71.33,95 ％ CI [-78.13,-64.54]),shorter operative time (MD-34.08,95％CI [-34.78,-33.38]) and shorter length of stay (MD-5.59,95％CI [-7.38,-3.79]).Conclusion PSE is a mini-invasive therapy,which can be used to effectively treat hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis.

Marine-derived biopolymers are excellent raw materials for biomedical products due to their abundant resources, good biocompatibility, low cost and other unique functions. Marine-derived biomaterials become a major branch of biomedical industry and possess promising development prospects since the industry is in line with the trend of "green industry and low-carbon economy". Chitosan and alginates are the most commonly commercialized marine-derived biomaterials and have exhibited great potential in biomedical applications such as wound dressing, dental materials, antibacterial treatment, drug delivery and tissue engineering. This review focuses on the properties and applications of chitosan and alginates in biomedicine.