Objective To investigate the effects of different penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage in vitro, and to improve the curative efficacy of this mucilages through selection of the effective penetration enhancers. Methods Xiaoyan Runma mucilage was prepared with different penetration enhancers. An intelligent permeability instrument was used for in vitro percutaneous absorption test of rats , with isolated mice abdomen skin serving as in vitro transdermal barrier and saline isotonic solution as receptor fluid. Then the contents of lidocaine hydrochloride in receptors were determined by HPLC.The accumulative transit dose (Q) and percutaneous permeability (J) within 12 h were calculated and compared with those of mucilage without any enhancer. Results With Q value serving as an index, different enhancers had different promote permeation effects on Xiaoyan Runma mucilage, and the effects in descending order were as follows:4% azone [(222.75±3.4) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone[(207.42±5.1) μg?(cm2)-1]>3% menthol [(183.38±4.9) μg?(cm2)-1]>5%menthol [(160.82±5.4) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone+3% menthol [(151.25±5.5) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone+5% isopropyl myristate [(127.26±7.1) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% oleic acid [(125.16±6.5) μg?(cm2)-1]>no enhancer [(109.82±8.2)μg?(cm2)-1].4% azone was the best penetration enhancer for the mucilage delivery in vitro, with Q and J value as [(222.75± 3.4)μg?( cm2 )-1 ] and 19. 896 μg?( cm2 )-1?h-1 , respectively, which was 2. 08 times those of mucilages without any enhancer. Conclusion Being as a transdermal absorption enhancer of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage, 4% azone has the best effect. This study can provide the optimal formulation for transdermal delivery system of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage.

The aim of this study is to prepare cationic biodegradable dextran microspheres loaded with tetanus toxoid (TT) and to investigate the mechanism of protein loading. Positively charged microspheres were prepared by polymerization of hydroxylethyl methacrylate derivatized dextran (dex-HEMA) and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in an aqueous two-phase system. The loading of the microspheres with TT was based on electrostatic attraction. The net positive surface charge increased with increasing amounts of DMAEMA. Confocal images showed fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) could penetrate into cationic dextran microspheres but not natural dextran microspheres. TT loading efficiency by post-loading was higher compared with by pre-loading. Even though TT is incorporated in the hydrogel network based on electrostatic interaction, still a controlled release can be achieved by varying the initial network density of the microspheres.

Objective:To evaluate the safety of cardiac catheterization intervention therapy and transthoracic small incision surgery in the occlusion bydomestic occluder under echocardiography guiding in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD).Methods:A total of 1 080 patients with ASD in the occlusion by domestic occluder were analyzed retrospectively,and the interventional treatment were performed in 734 cases through cardiac catheterization intervention therapy and 346 cases through transthoracic small incision surgery.The patients undergone cardiac catheterization intervention therapy were guided under the digital substraction angiography (DSA) and were monitored by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the whole interventional process,and the efficacy was evaluated with TTE.The occlusion of transthoracic small incision surgery was guided under the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE),which was used to monitor the position of occluder and evaluate the efficacy immediately.Results:Two kinds of intervention in the occlusion by domestic occluder had achieved satisfactory results in patients with ASD.There was no statistically difference in the longest size of ASD between the 2 intervention methods,while there were statistically differences in the ratio between ASD longest diameter and atrial septal length,and the size of the occlusion,and the disparity between the size of the occluder and ASD longest diameter (D value),respectively (all P＜0.05).When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD was ＜30 mm,the success rate of the 2 methods was both 100％.When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD was ≥ 30 mm,the success rate was 100％ in the transthoracic small incision surgery and 50％ in the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.Conclusion:Domestic occluder is safe.Compared with the imported one,its cost is lower.When the size of the defects is same,the occlusion is smaller in the transthoracic small incision surgery compared with that in the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD is ≥ 30 mm,the success rate of the transthoracic small incision surgery is higher compared with the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.When the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy fails,the transthoracic small incision surgery may be a better choice.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the HPLC fingerprints for Sini decoction and compare the differences of compositions of Sini decoction prepared by traditional decoction and modern machine decoction. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Kromasil C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the detec-tion wavelength was 235 nm,column temperature was 30 ℃,and injection volume was 10 μl. The HPLC fingerprints of 10 batch-es of Sini decoction were determined with reference peak of liquiritin peaks,and common peak identification and similarity evalua-tion were conducted by using Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System(2004 A edition). RESULTS:There were 18 common peaks and the similarity was no less than 0.982. According to the verification,the fingerprint of 10 batches of Sini de-coction showed good similarity with reference fingerprint,and the similarity of 10 batches of Sini decoction was high,which was prepared by the 2 methods. CONCLUSIONS:The established fingerprint is specific and stable,and can provide reference for quali-ty evaluation and control for Sini decoction;and there are no obvious differences in the main chemical compositions of Sini decoc-tion prepared by traditional decoction and modern machine decoction.

Background and purpose: Ursolic acid is widely present in spica prunellae, hedyotis diffusa and other heat antidotes. The growth of a variety of tumor cells can be inhibited and induced apoptosis by ursolic acid.This study was aimed to investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of UA on inducing apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma BGC823 cells. Methods: The MTT assay was used to detect the antiproliferative effect of UA on BGC823 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle and apoptosis of BGC823 cells. The expression level of bcl-2 and bax gene was investigated by real time-polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR). Results: UA inhibited the proliferation of BGC823 cells in a dose and time-dependent way. After treatment by UA for 24. 48 and 72 h, the IC_(50) of BGC823 was 36.88, 34.72, and 32.18 μmol/L, respectively. UA could signifcantly induce apoptosis of BGC823 cells and block cells at G_2/M phase. UA could increase the expression of bax gene and decrease the expression of bcl-2 gene in a dose and time-dependent way. Conclusion: UA could induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of BGC823 cells in a dose and time-dependent way. It could arrest cell cycle of BGC823 cells at G_2/M phase. Its mechanisms might be associated with the up-regulation of bax gene and down-regulation of bcl-2 gene.

Objective To study the effect of black granule capsules(BGCs) on growth of transplanted mouse hepatocarcinoma cells, cell proliferation cycle and apoptosis.Methods KM mouse were subcutaneously inoculated with Hepatocarcinoma cells (H22) and randomly divided into the model control group, the positive control group, the low, medium and high does of BGC group after 24h. The positive control group received intraperitoneal injection with 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Mice of BGC groups were intragastricaly with different dosage of BGC (400, 800, 1 600 mg/kg). The model control group received intragastricaly with normal saline. The drugs were administrated once a day for seven days. The tumor inhibition rate was calculated at 24 h after the last administration. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes of cell cycle and apoptosis in harvested H22 tumor cells.Results The group of high does showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of transplanted H22 tumor cells withthe inhibitory rate 38.78% (male) and 43.57% (female). Compared with model control group, groups of different dosages decreased time of G0-G1 phase (58.06% ± 9.65%, 55.10% ± 5.89%, 61.36% ± 15.95%vs. 74.47% ± 2.63%), increased tiem of Sphase (33.96% ± 11.90%, 32.67% ± 4.04%, 33.89% ± 9.82%vs. 14.37% ± 4.92%), and increased the apoptosis rate (31.12% ± 1.85%, 31.89% ± 2.16%, 40.64% ± 0.55%vs.21.75% ± 2.64%).Conclusion BGC has antitumor effect on mouse hepatocarcinoma H22 tumor cells, and its mechanism was to regulate cell proliferation cycle and induce the apoptosis.

Objective: To invesigate the epidemic status of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among mainland Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 16 872 adolescents in 150 counties from 31 provinces in mainland China. The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome was analyzed by China criterion (defined by Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association) and Cook criterion, respectively. The prevalence of MS and 95%CI were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. Results: Based on China criterion, the weighted prevalence of MS was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1%-2.6%) among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17. Prevalence in urban was higher than in rural (2.8%, 95%CI: 2.4%-3.2% and 1.9%, 95%CI:1.6%-2.3%, respectively). Prevalence in boys and girls were 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3%-3.0%), and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7%-2.4%), respectively. Based on Cook criterion, the weighted prevalence was 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0%-4.7%) . The highest weighted prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome was low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (26.8%, 95% CI: 26.0%-27.5%), followed by high fasting glucose (11.5%, 95% CI: 11.0%-12.0%), abdominal obesity (11.1%, 95%CI: 10.6%-11.7%) , hypertriglyceridemia (8.8%, 95%CI: 8.4%-9.3%) , and high blood pressure (6.4%, 95% CI: 6.0%-6.8%). Conclusion Among the five indicators of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were relative high in Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years, though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not high.

OBJECTIVETo introduce a modified model for quantitative testing of glucose microleakage by constant air pressure and evaluate the sealing ability of four root canal sealers including AU Plus, Roeko Seal, Cortisomol and RC Sealer.

METHODSFifty-six straight maxillary anterior teetb were randomly divided into four experimental groups with 12 samples in each group, group A: AH Plus, group B: Roeko Seal, group C: Cortisomol, group D: RC Sealer, and positive and negative control group with 4 samples in each. After regular root preparation, samples in experimental groups were obturated by cold gutta-percha lateral compaction technique with sealers according to group description. Control groups were obturated with cold gutta-percha only. Through the model above, the value of glucose microleakage from crown to root was measured at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 days with the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method (GOD-POD).

RESULTSAt day 1, 3, 5, no significant difference of microleakage was found between group A and B (P > 0.05). The same result was also seen between group C and D. From 7 days, microleakage value in each experimental group gradually increased, and statistical difference was found between groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThis new model using constant air pressure is easy to establish, sensitive and practical. Among all the sealers evaluated, polydimethylsiloxane based root canal sealer, Roeko Seal has the greatest sealing ability, while epoxy-amine resin based AH Plus is second and Zinc Oxide based Cortisomol and RC Sealer have the least sealing ability.

Air Pressure ; Dental Cements ; Dental Leakage ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Epoxy Resins ; Glucose ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement

Objective: To investigate the average dietary nutrients intake status among Chinese residents between 2010-2012, and to compare the difference between rural and urban areas. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance between 2010-2012. Based on regional features and economic development levels, China's county-level divisions were classified into four types: big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area. A total of 62 857 valid subjects, including 14 017, 16 539, 19 910 and 12 391 respondents in each group separately, were enrolled by Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method. The dietary survey was conducted by recalling the 24 h diet in 3 consecutive days and weighting condiment. The daily dietary intake of energy, macronutrient, dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral substance per resident were calculated based on China Food Composition. Results: The average energy intake per resident in Mainland China was 9 047.1 kJ, with highest (9 719.3 kJ) in poor rural area and lowest (8 490.4 kJ) in medium and small city. The average dietary protein intake was 64.2 g, with highest (73.9 g) in big city and lowest (60.7 g) in poor rural area. The average dietary fat intake was 79.7 g, with highest (89.4 g) in big city and lowest (70.6 g) in poor rural area. The average intake of micronutrients of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc was separately 441.9 μg, 0.8 mg, 80.1 mg, 364.3 mg, and 21.4 mg; which were lower than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes. The percentage of population whose average intake of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium were lower than estimated average requirement was separately 77.0%, 90.2%, 67.7%, and 96.6%. Conclusion The supply of 3 macronutrient was sufficient in mainland China. However, it was a common issue that there was excessive intake of fat but deficient intake of micronutrients such as vitamin, calcium, iron and zinc. There were differences in nutrition intake among big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area.

Objective To compare the short-term efficacy and safety of low temperature plasma radiofre-quence ablation(LA)vs.high voltage long duration pulsed radiofrequency(HL-PRF)in the treatment of cervico-genic headache(CEH).Methods Eighty patients with cervicogenic headache were divided two groups:one treated with low temperature plasma radiofrequence ablation group as group L(n = 50)and the other treated with high voltage long duration pulsed radiofrequency group as group H(n = 30).The two groups were compared in terms of the score by the Visual Analog Scale,score by the Range of Motion Scale,postoperative pain relief rate,postop-erative complication incidence,1,4,12,and 24 weeks after the operation,as well as the therapeutic effectiveness and safety.Results Both groups showed significantly lower VAS and ROM scores after operation(P<0.05).Compared with group L,group H had significantly lower VAS(all P<0.05)but insignificantly lower ROM scores(all P>0.05)at each time point.At T4,group H had significantly higher therapeutic effectiveness rate(P<0.05)and higher incidence of scalp numbness at T3,as compared to group L(P<0.05).Conclusion The low tempera-ture plasma radiofrequency ablation and high voltage long duration pulsed radiofrequency both are effective and safe in the treatment of CEH,the latter approach can achieve better therapeutic effectiveness 24 weeks after the operation than the former.