To revise Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI) based on the current Chinese Dietary Guidelines and Food Guide Pagoda . Method: Seven food components [(cereals ,vegetables and fruits, bean and dairy , animal food , alcohol ,condiments (salt and edible oil))were selected in combination with food varieties and drinking water to build up Diet Balance Index Revision (DBI-07) .The components were weighed and assigned cut-offs and scores based on the Chinese Food Guide Pagoda. Three scoring methods (LBS-low bound score, HBS-high bound score, DQD-diet quality distance) were used to evaluate the dietary quality of 26300 adults aged 18 to 79 years from 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Results: The mean LBS, HBS and DQD were 11.5,30.0 and 41.5 respectively. About 78% adult were in moderate or severe deficit of food intake, 35.1% in moderate or severe surplus of food intake, and 43.8% in severe dietary imbalance. Conclusion: DBI-07 can reflect the principles of dietary guidelines, and the scoring method can reflect both deficit and surplus of food intake. DBI-07 can be used to evaluate the dietary quality of individual or the population.

Objective:To evaluate the safety of cardiac catheterization intervention therapy and transthoracic small incision surgery in the occlusion bydomestic occluder under echocardiography guiding in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD).Methods:A total of 1 080 patients with ASD in the occlusion by domestic occluder were analyzed retrospectively,and the interventional treatment were performed in 734 cases through cardiac catheterization intervention therapy and 346 cases through transthoracic small incision surgery.The patients undergone cardiac catheterization intervention therapy were guided under the digital substraction angiography (DSA) and were monitored by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the whole interventional process,and the efficacy was evaluated with TTE.The occlusion of transthoracic small incision surgery was guided under the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE),which was used to monitor the position of occluder and evaluate the efficacy immediately.Results:Two kinds of intervention in the occlusion by domestic occluder had achieved satisfactory results in patients with ASD.There was no statistically difference in the longest size of ASD between the 2 intervention methods,while there were statistically differences in the ratio between ASD longest diameter and atrial septal length,and the size of the occlusion,and the disparity between the size of the occluder and ASD longest diameter (D value),respectively (all P＜0.05).When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD was ＜30 mm,the success rate of the 2 methods was both 100％.When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD was ≥ 30 mm,the success rate was 100％ in the transthoracic small incision surgery and 50％ in the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.Conclusion:Domestic occluder is safe.Compared with the imported one,its cost is lower.When the size of the defects is same,the occlusion is smaller in the transthoracic small incision surgery compared with that in the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.When the size of arithmetic mean of the ASD is ≥ 30 mm,the success rate of the transthoracic small incision surgery is higher compared with the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy.When the cardiac catheterization intervention therapy fails,the transthoracic small incision surgery may be a better choice.

Objective To analyze the contribution of dietary supplements to current vitamin mineral intakes in Beijing,China.Method By stratified cluster sampling method,3992 subjects aged 18y and above in 1440 households were investigated in 6 different regions in Beijing.Results The dietary intake of vitamin and mineral of men was higher than that of women,but the total intake of niacin and vitamin C was lower.Both dietary and total intake of vitamin and mineral in supplement users were higher that those in nonusers.In the group of supplement users,the contribution of supplement to thiamin,riboflavin and calcium intakes was 60% and 70%,47% and 45%,42% and 45% in men and women respectively.The percentage of supplement users who reached the current recommended intakes of vitamins and minerals was higher compared with that of nonusers,about 20 -30 percent higher for vitamin C and calcium.Conclusion The average intakes of vitamin and mineral are improved by using dietary supplements.Dietary supplements should be included in the future nutrition survey in China for improving the accuracy of nutrient’s intake.

Objective: To describe the status and trend of dietary energy, protein and fat pattern of Chinese residents. Method : 23 470 households including 68 962 subjects were randomly sampled from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and the municipalities. The 24 h dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used in dietary survey and weighing method was used for condiment intake. Results: The average energy intake per reference man per day was 9.42 MJ (2 250.5 kcal), 11.8% and 29.6% from protein and fat respectively. The percentages of energy from fat of big city residents arrived 38.4%. The percentages of energy from cereals, animal food and pure energy food were 57.9%, 12.6% and 17.3% respectively. The average protein intake per reference man per day was 65.9 g, 52%, 7.5% ,25.1% and 15.3% from cereals, bean and bean product, animal food and other foods respectively. The average fat intake per reference man per day was 76.3 g, 39.2% from animal food. Conclusion: The dietary change of Chinese residents represents the characteristics of the transition period, including the decrease of energy and protein intake per capita, decrease of the percentage of dietary energy supplied by cereals and increase of fat intake per capita,especially from animal foods, and the proportion of energy contributed by fat.

Objective: To invesigate the epidemic status of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among mainland Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 16 872 adolescents in 150 counties from 31 provinces in mainland China. The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome was analyzed by China criterion (defined by Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association) and Cook criterion, respectively. The prevalence of MS and 95%CI were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. Results: Based on China criterion, the weighted prevalence of MS was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1%-2.6%) among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17. Prevalence in urban was higher than in rural (2.8%, 95%CI: 2.4%-3.2% and 1.9%, 95%CI:1.6%-2.3%, respectively). Prevalence in boys and girls were 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3%-3.0%), and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7%-2.4%), respectively. Based on Cook criterion, the weighted prevalence was 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0%-4.7%) . The highest weighted prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome was low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (26.8%, 95% CI: 26.0%-27.5%), followed by high fasting glucose (11.5%, 95% CI: 11.0%-12.0%), abdominal obesity (11.1%, 95%CI: 10.6%-11.7%) , hypertriglyceridemia (8.8%, 95%CI: 8.4%-9.3%) , and high blood pressure (6.4%, 95% CI: 6.0%-6.8%). Conclusion Among the five indicators of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were relative high in Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years, though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not high.

Objective: To investigate the average dietary nutrients intake status among Chinese residents between 2010-2012, and to compare the difference between rural and urban areas. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance between 2010-2012. Based on regional features and economic development levels, China's county-level divisions were classified into four types: big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area. A total of 62 857 valid subjects, including 14 017, 16 539, 19 910 and 12 391 respondents in each group separately, were enrolled by Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method. The dietary survey was conducted by recalling the 24 h diet in 3 consecutive days and weighting condiment. The daily dietary intake of energy, macronutrient, dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral substance per resident were calculated based on China Food Composition. Results: The average energy intake per resident in Mainland China was 9 047.1 kJ, with highest (9 719.3 kJ) in poor rural area and lowest (8 490.4 kJ) in medium and small city. The average dietary protein intake was 64.2 g, with highest (73.9 g) in big city and lowest (60.7 g) in poor rural area. The average dietary fat intake was 79.7 g, with highest (89.4 g) in big city and lowest (70.6 g) in poor rural area. The average intake of micronutrients of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc was separately 441.9 μg, 0.8 mg, 80.1 mg, 364.3 mg, and 21.4 mg; which were lower than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes. The percentage of population whose average intake of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium were lower than estimated average requirement was separately 77.0%, 90.2%, 67.7%, and 96.6%. Conclusion The supply of 3 macronutrient was sufficient in mainland China. However, it was a common issue that there was excessive intake of fat but deficient intake of micronutrients such as vitamin, calcium, iron and zinc. There were differences in nutrition intake among big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area.

Objective To investigate the association between out-of-home eating ( OH eating) and overweight/obesity among adults in China.Methods A total of 33 828 subjects aged 18-60 years old from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were selected to calculate their daily consumption of food and nutrition, when people eating at home or out-of-home.The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect food intake information ( not including the condiment intake) .The logistic regression method was used to analyze the relationship between OH eating and overweight/obesity. Results The prevalence of OH eating among Chinese adults aged 18-60 years old was 28.3% ( 9 562/33 828) in 2002.Overall, the prevalence of OH eating was significantly greater among men compared to women(P<0.05), and the rate for men was 32.4%(5 117/15 805), and the rate for women was 24.7%(4 445/18 023).Besides, men who ate out of home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate at home ( P <0.05 ) , and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.9%(1 991/5 117) and 31.7%(3 389/10 684), respectively.While women who ate at home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate out of home, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.1% ( 5 174/13 571 ) and 35.6% ( 1 581/4 445 ) , respectively.Compared with at-home eating group, 130.4 kJ energy, 12.2 g fat, 6.2 g protein and 67.1 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for men, and 102.5 kJ energy, 8.6 g fat, 3.4 g protein and 60.6 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for women.To sum up, OH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men(OR=1.18,95%CI:1.09-1.27), but not among women(OR=0.94,95%CI:0.87-1.01).Conclusion OH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men in China.

Objective:To establish Chinese diet balance index for preschool children（DBI_C), and evaluate the dietary quality of Chinese preschool children.Methods:DBI_C was established according to the methods establishing DBI_16 and the recommended intake of different kinds of food for preschool children. Three scoring methods [low bound score （LBS), high bound score （HBS), diet quality distance （DQD)] were used to evaluate the dietary quality of preschool children selected from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Scores [ P50（ P25, P75)] were compared to reflect the diet quality of preschool children in different regions. Results:DBI_C scores for cereals of preschool children from big city, middle and small city, normal rural area, and poor rural area were 0.0 （-2.0, 6.0), 0.0 （0.0, 6.0), 4.0 （0.0, 10.0), and 10.0 （2.0, 12.0), respectively （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of cereals of preschool children were adequate. Scores for animal food of preschool children from four types of location were 0.0 （-2.0, 2.0), 0.0 （-6.0, 2.0), -4.0 （-6.0, 0.0), and -6.0 （-8.0,-2.0), respectively （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of animal food of rural preschool children were inadequate. Scores for vegetable and fruit, milk and soybean were both less than 0 （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of these food were insufficient in both urban and rural area. Scores of LBS, HBS and DQD were 24.0 （18.0, 30.0), 8.0 （3.0, 13.0) and 33.0（26.0, 39.0). Children without diet insufficient problem in four type of location accounted for 30.8%, 7.8%, 4.3% and 1.1%, respectively （ P<0.001). Children without diet excessive problem accounted for 54.0%, 57.3%, 52.9% and 32.6%, respectively （ P<0.001). Children without diet imbalance problem were 10.6%, 1.1%, 1.3% and 0.3%, respectively （ P<0.001). Conclusion:Diet quality of urban preschool children is better than that of rural preschool children. Dietary imbalance is the main problem among Chinese preschool children.

Objective To investigate the association between out-of-home eating ( OH eating) and overweight/obesity among adults in China.Methods A total of 33 828 subjects aged 18-60 years old from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were selected to calculate their daily consumption of food and nutrition, when people eating at home or out-of-home.The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect food intake information ( not including the condiment intake) .The logistic regression method was used to analyze the relationship between OH eating and overweight/obesity. Results The prevalence of OH eating among Chinese adults aged 18-60 years old was 28.3% ( 9 562/33 828) in 2002.Overall, the prevalence of OH eating was significantly greater among men compared to women(P<0.05), and the rate for men was 32.4%(5 117/15 805), and the rate for women was 24.7%(4 445/18 023).Besides, men who ate out of home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate at home ( P <0.05 ) , and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.9%(1 991/5 117) and 31.7%(3 389/10 684), respectively.While women who ate at home showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those who ate out of home, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them were 38.1% ( 5 174/13 571 ) and 35.6% ( 1 581/4 445 ) , respectively.Compared with at-home eating group, 130.4 kJ energy, 12.2 g fat, 6.2 g protein and 67.1 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for men, and 102.5 kJ energy, 8.6 g fat, 3.4 g protein and 60.6 mg sodium were excessively consumed per day for women.To sum up, OH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men(OR=1.18,95%CI:1.09-1.27), but not among women(OR=0.94,95%CI:0.87-1.01).Conclusion OH eating was positively associated with overweight and obesity among men in China.

Objective:To establish Chinese diet balance index for preschool children（DBI_C), and evaluate the dietary quality of Chinese preschool children.Methods:DBI_C was established according to the methods establishing DBI_16 and the recommended intake of different kinds of food for preschool children. Three scoring methods [low bound score （LBS), high bound score （HBS), diet quality distance （DQD)] were used to evaluate the dietary quality of preschool children selected from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Scores [ P50（ P25, P75)] were compared to reflect the diet quality of preschool children in different regions. Results:DBI_C scores for cereals of preschool children from big city, middle and small city, normal rural area, and poor rural area were 0.0 （-2.0, 6.0), 0.0 （0.0, 6.0), 4.0 （0.0, 10.0), and 10.0 （2.0, 12.0), respectively （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of cereals of preschool children were adequate. Scores for animal food of preschool children from four types of location were 0.0 （-2.0, 2.0), 0.0 （-6.0, 2.0), -4.0 （-6.0, 0.0), and -6.0 （-8.0,-2.0), respectively （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of animal food of rural preschool children were inadequate. Scores for vegetable and fruit, milk and soybean were both less than 0 （ P<0.001), indicating that the intakes of these food were insufficient in both urban and rural area. Scores of LBS, HBS and DQD were 24.0 （18.0, 30.0), 8.0 （3.0, 13.0) and 33.0（26.0, 39.0). Children without diet insufficient problem in four type of location accounted for 30.8%, 7.8%, 4.3% and 1.1%, respectively （ P<0.001). Children without diet excessive problem accounted for 54.0%, 57.3%, 52.9% and 32.6%, respectively （ P<0.001). Children without diet imbalance problem were 10.6%, 1.1%, 1.3% and 0.3%, respectively （ P<0.001). Conclusion:Diet quality of urban preschool children is better than that of rural preschool children. Dietary imbalance is the main problem among Chinese preschool children.