PURPOSE: To identify the feasibility and provide the direction for future studies regarding hand massage, studies on hand massage published in Korea were analyzed. METHODS: Using the key word of hand massage, 23 studies which identified the effects on sleep, pain, anxiety and depression were found. They were analyzed on research tendency and effects. Research tendency was analyzed in terms of published year, methods, study design, sample characteristics, and outcome variables. Effects were analyzed with hypothesis testing and effect size. RESULTS: Among 23 studies, 60%(14 studies) were about hand massage and others (9 studies) were about aroma hand massage. The most prominent outcome variables were physiological and cognitive/emotional ones. To improve sleep, hand massage over 60 minutes was necessary while pain and anxiety were improved in the studies which less than 10 minutes hand massage was applied. Aroma hand massage was more effective than hand massage. Effect size for anxiety and depression was larger than those of sleep and pain. CONCLUSION: Hand massage and aroma hand massage are recommended to improve anxiety and depression as an independent nursing intervention. More randomized clinical trials are necessary to increase the validity and identify the effects of hand massage on sleep, pain, anxiety and depression.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Hand ; Korea ; Massage

The explosive development of genomics technologies including microarrays and next generation sequencing (NGS) has provided comprehensive maps of cancer genomes, including the expression of mRNAs and microRNAs, DNA copy numbers, sequence variations, and epigenetic changes. These genome-wide profiles of the genetic aberrations could reveal the candidates for diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers as well as mechanistic insights into tumor development and progression. Recent efforts to establish the huge cancer genome compendium and integrative omics analyses, so-called "integromics", have extended our understanding on the cancer genome, showing its daunting complexity and heterogeneity. However, the challenges of the structured integration, sharing, and interpretation of the big omics data still remain to be resolved. Here, we review several issues raised in cancer omics data analysis, including NGS, focusing particularly on the study design and analysis strategies. This might be helpful to understand the current trends and strategies of the rapidly evolving cancer genomics research.
Coat Protein Complex I ; DNA ; Epigenomics ; Genome ; Genomics ; MicroRNAs ; Population Characteristics ; Research Design ; RNA, Messenger ; Statistics as Topic ; Biomarkers

The explosive development of genomics technologies including microarrays and next generation sequencing (NGS) has provided comprehensive maps of cancer genomes, including the expression of mRNAs and microRNAs, DNA copy numbers, sequence variations, and epigenetic changes. These genome-wide profiles of the genetic aberrations could reveal the candidates for diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers as well as mechanistic insights into tumor development and progression. Recent efforts to establish the huge cancer genome compendium and integrative omics analyses, so-called "integromics", have extended our understanding on the cancer genome, showing its daunting complexity and heterogeneity. However, the challenges of the structured integration, sharing, and interpretation of the big omics data still remain to be resolved. Here, we review several issues raised in cancer omics data analysis, including NGS, focusing particularly on the study design and analysis strategies. This might be helpful to understand the current trends and strategies of the rapidly evolving cancer genomics research.
Coat Protein Complex I ; DNA ; Epigenomics ; Genome ; Genomics ; MicroRNAs ; Population Characteristics ; Research Design ; RNA, Messenger ; Statistics as Topic ; Biomarkers

PURPOSE: The aims of this pilot study were to introduce implant loading devices designed for animal study and to evaluate the validity of the load transmission ability of the loading devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implant loading devices were specially designed and fabricated with two implant abutments and cast metal bars, and orthodontic expansion screw. In six Beagles, all premolars were extracted and two implants were placed in each side of the mandibles. The loading device was inserted two weeks after the implant placement. According to the loading protocol, the load was applied to the implants with different time and method,simulating early, progressive, and delayed loading. The implants were clinically evaluated and the loading devices were removed and replaced to the master cast, followed by stress-strain analysis. Descriptive statistics of remained strain (microepsilon) was evaluated after repeating three cycles of the loading device activation. Statistic analysis was performed using nonparametric, independent t-test with 5% significance level and Friedman's test was also used for verification. RESULTS: The loading devices were in good action. However, four implants in three Beagles showed loss of osseointegration. In stress-strain analysis, loading devices showed similar amount of increase in the remained strain after applying 1-unit load for three times. CONCLUSION: Specialized design of the implant loading device was introduced. The loading device applied similar amount of loads near the implant after each 1-unit loading. However, the direction of the loads was not parallel to the long axis of the implants as predicted before the study.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Bicuspid ; Dental Implants ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Immediate Dental Implant Loading ; Mandible ; Osseointegration ; Pilot Projects ; Sprains and Strains

BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In limited disease of SCLC, the addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy improves survival and decrease local relapse over chemotherapy alone. This study evaluated the response rate, duration of response, overall survival and toxicity for the combination of etoposide, ifosfamide, carboplatin given concurrently with thoracic irradiation in limited SCLC. METHODS: Twenty eight patients with histologically proven SCLC who have a measurable disease and previously untreated, were enrolled in this study. Each cycle consisted of VP-16 100 mg/m2 IV days 1~3, ifosfamide 1,200 mg/m2 IV days 1~3 with mesna, carboplatin AUC 6 IV day 1. Cycles were repeated every 21days. Patients received a total of median 6,000 cGy thoracic radiation therapy (180~200 cGy/day) starting on the first day of chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was given to complete remission after chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: The overall response rate in 27 evaluable patients was 93% (41% of complete response, 52% of partial response). The median time to progression was 10.3 months. The median disease free survival was 18.4 months in patients with complete response. The median overall survival was 16.7 months in all evaluable patients. Hematologic toxicities (> or = Grade3) of 129 cycles of chemotherapy were leukopenia in 38% and fever with infection in 26%. Nonhematologic toxicities (> or = Grade2) of evaluable 27 patients included alopecia in 11%, post-irradiation esophagitis in 44% and pneumonitis in 11%. CONCLUSIONS: VIC combination chemotherapy with concurrent thoracic irradiation is effective in limited SCLC. It's maior toxicity is myelosuppression.
Alopecia ; Area Under Curve ; Carboplatin* ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Cranial Irradiation ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Esophagitis ; Etoposide* ; Fever ; Humans ; Ifosfamide* ; Leukopenia ; Mesna ; Pneumonia ; Recurrence ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of progressive dilation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) combined with heart failure (HF) and determine the prognostic significance and associated factors with a geometric change of an infarcted heart. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 1310 AMI patients with HF (63.9+/-12.5 years, 70% male) between November 2005 and April 2011 underwent echocardiography at admission and one year later. Left ventricular (LV) remodeling is defined as 20% progression, and left atria (LA) remodeling is 10% compared with the initial volume index. RESULTS: The prevalence of both LA and LV remodeling was 13.9%; LV only was 9.3%, LA only 22.8% and non-remodeling was 55.1%, respectively. In the non-remodeling group, Killip class II was more frequent (83.9%, p<0.001) whereas in other remodeling groups, Killip class III was more frequent. Initial wall motion score index, ejection fraction, maximal cardiac enzyme, high sensitive C-reactive protein, B type natriuretic peptide, and triglyceride serum levels were significantly associated with heart remodeling. All causes of death occurred in 168 cases (12.8%) during the follow-up period. Mortality was the highest in the LV and LA remodeling group (20.9%) and the lowest in the non-remodeling group (11.4%). During the period of follow-up, the cumulative survival rate was significantly lower in the groups of LA and LV remodeling than in others (log rank p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Total mortality was significantly increased in patients AMI with geometrically progressive LA and LV dilatation.
C-Reactive Protein ; Cause of Death ; Dilatation ; Echocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart ; Heart Atria* ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Mortality* ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Triglycerides ; Ventricular Remodeling

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world and is the only major disease that is continuing to increase in both prevalence and mortality. The second Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey revealed that the prevalence of COPD in Korean subjects aged > or =45 years was 17.2% in 2001. Further surveys on the prevalence of COPD were not available until 2007. Here, we report the prevalence of spirometrically detected COPD in Korea, using data from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES IV) which was conducted in 2007~2009. METHODS: Based on the Korean Statistical Office census that used nationwide stratified random sampling, 10,523 subjects aged > or =40 years underwent spirometry. Place of residence, levels of education, income, and smoking status, as well as other results from a COPD survey questionnaire were also assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of COPD (defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity <0.7 in subjects aged > or =40 years) was 12.9% (men, 18.7%; women, 7.5%). In total, 96.5% of patients with COPD had mild-to-moderate disease; only 2.5% had been diagnosed by physicians, and only 1.7% had been treated. The independent risk factors for COPD were smoking, advanced age, and male gender. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of COPD was 12.9% in the KNHANES IV data. Most patients with COPD were undiagnosed and untreated. Based on these results, a strategy for early COPD intervention is warranted in high risk subjects.
Aged ; Censuses ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Korea ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Nutrition Surveys ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spirometry ; Vital Capacity