Objective:Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is increasingly being introduced in the clinic,both for diagnostics and image guidance.Although dedicated 3D US probes exist,because of its expensive cost,3D US can also be acquired with the still frequently used two-dimensional (2D) US probes.Methods:Obtaining 3D volumes with 2D US probes is a two-step process.First,a positioning sensor must be attached to the probe for 2D image matching;second,a reconstruction of a 3D volume can be performed into a regular voxel grid.Results:This paper presents a way to realize the 3D US in irled-based Image Guided Radiotherapy using a homemade 2D US.Conclusions:The experiments demonstrate a method of saving costs and having advantages in clinic application.

Based on the ecological and economic problems in Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) of Chinese material medica, we introduced the origin, concept, features and operative technology of eco-agriculture worldwide, emphasizing its modes on different biological levels of landscape, ecosystem, community, population, individual and gene in China. And on this basis, we analyzed the background and current situation of eco-agriculture of Chinese materia medica, and proposed its development ideas and key tasks, including: (1) Analysis and planning of the production pattern of Chinese material medica national wide. (2) Typical features extraction of regional agriculture of Chinese materia medica. (3) Investigation of the interaction and its mechanism between typical Chinese materia medica in each region and the micro-ecology of rhizosphere soil. (4) Study on technology of eco-agriculture of Chinese materia medica. (5) Extraction and solidification of eco-agriculture modes of Chinese materia medica. (6) Study on the theory of eco-agriculture of Chinese materia medica. Also we pointed out that GAP and eco-agriculture of Chinese material medica are both different and relative, but they are not contradictory with their own features. It is an irresistible trend to promote eco-agriculture in the GAP of Chinese material medica and coordinate ecological and economic development.
Agriculture ; methods ; standards ; trends ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; standards ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

PBL(Problem-Based Learning, PBL) is a problem-oriented and effective supplementary teaching method. PBL is giving a great help to improve self-learning, communication and cooperation, thinking and problems solving abilities for the students. In the process of PBL teaching, attention should be paid to two important items. One item is the role transfer for the teacher. Teacher is only a guider in PBL teaching, teacher should avoid excessive interfere of the process for keeping the passion and enthusiasm of the students. Meanwhile, students should always be realized that they are the main part in PBL teaching, they should not depend on their teacher too much. Another important item is how to find and solve the frequently encountered problems, in order to avoid students wandering from the subject, and lead them toward the main goal to get effective teaching and learning.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxycodone hydrochloride for postoperative analgesia in patients who received spin surgery.Methods Sixty -nine patients treated with spin surgery were included in this study and randomly divided into treatment group ( n=34 ) and control group ( n=35).Half an hour before the end of operation ,the patients of the two group were given oxycodone hydrochloride and morphine 0.07 mg · kg-1 , respectively.After extubation , patient -controlled analgesia pump was given with the background dosage of 0.5 mg · h -1 and one time push 1 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride or morphine.The mean arterial pressure ( MAP) , and heart rate were com-pared in the time points of entering the operation room ( T0 ) ,tracheal in-tubation ( T1 ) , 5 min after tracheal intubation ( T2 ) , and 15 min after tra-cheal intubation(T3) between the two groups.The recovery time, extu-bation time ,visual analogue scale ( VAS) ,observer assessment of sedation ( OAA/S ) score and safety were compared between the two groups . Results The MAP and heart rate were not statistically different between the two groups and among the time points ( P>0.05 ).The recovery time , extubation time , VAS, OAA/S score in treatment group were significant lower than those of control group( P<0.05 ).The adverse drug reaction rates were 17.14%and 8.82% in the control group and treatment group respectively with statistical difference ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion Compared with morphine , oxycodone hydrochloride is more effective and safe for postoperative analgesia in patients who received spin surgery.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of an azoospermia patient with ring 22 chromosome syndrome.

METHODSWe analyzed the clinical data of an azoospermia patient with ring 22 chromosome syndrome and reviewed relevant literature.

RESULTSThe patient was a short 29-year-old male, with bilateral testes small in size and soft in texture. Seminal examination indicated azoospermia. Chromosome analysis showed the karyotype of the patient to be 46, XY, r (22) (p11, q25). The level of testosterone was low, and the testicular tissue was brittle and easy to break. Pathological microscopy revealed reduced number of Sertoli cells and germ cells in the seminiferous tubules and thinner layers of cells. All the germ cells were spermatogonia. Neither spermatocytes nor sperm cells were found, which suggested complete spermatogenic failure. Mild interstitial fibrosis was visible in part of the seminiferous tubule walls.

CONCLUSIONPatients with ring 22 chromosome syndrome usually represent normal clinical phenotypes. However, this kind of genetic abnormality often induces severe testicular damage and spermatogenic arrest, which may result in azoospermia.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; etiology ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Humans ; Male ; Oligospermia ; Ring Chromosomes ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia ; Syndrome

This study aimed to establish a method for the detection and identification of H7N9 avian influenza viruses based on the NA gene by pyrosequencing. According to the published NA gene sequences of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, a 15-nt deletion was found in the NA gene of H7N9 avian influenza viruses. The 15-nt deletion of the NA gene was targeted as the molecular marker for the rapid detection and identification of H7N9 avian influenza viruses by pyrosequencing. Three H7N9 avian influenza virus isolates underwent pyrosequencing using the same assay, and were proven to have the same 15-nt deletion. Pyrosequencing technology based on the NA gene molecular marker can be used to identify H7N9 avian influenza viruses.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Birds ; Chickens ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; methods ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; classification ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical correlation of chromosome abnormalities and microdeletion in azoospermic factor (AZF) region on Y chromosome in 25 patients with azoospermia.

METHODSChromosome analyses were performed by using chromosome GTG-banding, Q-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for AZF region on chromosome Yq.

RESULTSSeven cases showed abnormal chromosome karyotype (28%). In 8 azoospermic patients tested, 2 showed microdeletions of AZFb (SY127, SY134)+ AZFc (SY254, SY255) and AZFc(SY243, SY158) on chromosome Yq, respectively.

CONCLUSIONChromosome abnormalities and AZF microdeletion are major cause of azoospermia leading to male infertility; male with azoospermia and infertility should be referred to cytogenetic diagnosis by using chromosome GTG-banding, Q-banding after ruling out clinical factors including testopathy, obstructive azoospermia, and abnormalities in incretion and immune system. FISH or PCR analysis for AZF region on chromosome Yq should be done for the patient with azoospermia if Q-banding indicates the deletion above Yq12 region. It is of essential importance to provide precise diagnosis in genetic counseling for further clinical treatment.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; genetics ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; genetics ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: To summarize the mid-term effect of modified extended Morrow procedure in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) combining sub aortic valve obstruction and mid left ventricular obstruction. Methods: We studied 34 consecutive HOCM patients with sub aortic and midventricular obstruction who received modiifed extended Morrow procedure with extracorporeal circulation in our hospital from 1996-11 to 2015-01. Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted at pre-, post-operation and follow-up period to evaluate the changes of mid-ventricular gradient, subarctic gradient and each heart valve function. Results: The average follow-up time was (25.7 ± 14.9) months, 2 patients lost contact and no death occurred. In rest 32 patients, the mid ventricular gradient decreased from (60.3 ± 29.4) mmHg to (21.0 ± 19.8) mmHg, subaortic valve gradient decreased from (77.9 ± 26.2) mmHg to (11.6 ± 6.5) mmHg, the maximum ventricular septal thickness dropped from (25.2 ± 4.9) mm to (17.9 ± 7.2) mm, left atrial diameter reduced from (41.1 ± 7.8) mm to (37.6 ± 6.4) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased from (39.8 ± 5.1) mm to (42.2 ± 4.3) mm, allP<0.05; there were 5 patients without obviously improved mid ventricular gradient because of insufifcient resection of septal myocardium in mid-ventricle. The post-operative NYHA classiifcation was improved,P<0.01, mitral valve regurgitation degree was decreased,P<0.01 and SAM phenomenon was disappeared. Complications included 3 (8.8%) patients of III atrio-ventricular block, 1 (2.9%) patient of re-admission due to poorly healed sternum combining pneumonia Conclusion: Modified extended Morrow procedure may relieve sub aortic valve and mid ventricular obstruction, therefore improve left ventricular diastolic function and prognosis in relevant patients.

In this study, Actin, 18S rRNA, PAL, GAPDH and CPR of Artemisia annua were selected as candidate reference genes, and their gene-specific primers for real-time PCR were designed, then geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta CT and RefFinder were used to evaluate their expression stability in the leaves of A. annua under treatment of different concentrations of Cd, with the purpose of finding a reliable reference gene to ensure the reliability of gene-expression analysis. The results showed that there were some significant differences among the candidate reference genes under different treatments and the order of expression stability of candidate reference gene was Actin > 18S rRNA > PAL > GAPDH > CPR. These results suggested that Actin, 18S rRNA and PAL could be used as ideal reference genes of gene expression analysis in A. annua and multiple internal control genes were adopted for results calibration. In addition, differences in expression stability of candidate reference genes in the leaves of A. annua under the same concentrations of Cd were observed, which suggested that the screening of candidate reference genes was needed even under the same treatment. To our best knowledge, this study for the first time provided the ideal reference genes under Cd treatment in the leaves of A. annua and offered reference for the gene expression analysis of A. annua under other conditions.
Artemisia annua ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cadmium ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; standards ; Reference Standards

OBJECTIVETo analyze the chromosome rearrangements and clinical outcome in fetus detected at prenatal diagnosis, and provide information for genetic counseling about de novo chromosomal aberrations.

METHODSFrom January 2006 to December 2009, we found 12 cases of de novo chromosomal aberrations in 2 583 cases of prenatal cytogenetic analyses and reviewed the karyotypes, other experimental analyses data, fetal ultrasound findings and clinical outcomes.

RESULTSOut of the 12 de novo chromosomal aberrations, 10 had unbalanced translocations and 2 had balanced reciprocal translocations. Eight of the 10 unbalanced translocation cases were terminated therapeutically, and 2 were delivered with full term. Neonates were phenotypically normal in the 2 cases with unbalanced translocations, but 1 had language retardation when followed up. The two balanced translocation cases were delivered with full term, and the neonates were phenotypically normal and clinical examinations were normal too.

CONCLUSIONDetailed cytogenetic and molecular study will be adjunctive tools for predicting the phenotype of fetus with de novo chromosomal aberrations. Fetal ultrasound examination will provide convincible demonstration to determine the outcome of pregnancy.

Chromosome Aberrations ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Prenatal Diagnosis