OBJECTIVE: To explore alcohol pharmacokinetics as well as acetaldehyde level in peripheral blood in human subjects with different ALDH2 genotypes after drinking. METHODS: Venous blood samples of 14 unrelated volunteers were collected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology was adopted for DNA extraction and ALDH2 genotyping. The volunteers were asked to drink beer at certain doses. The concentration of alcohol and acetaldehyde were assayed by headspace gas chromatography method at different time. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: According to the results of electrophoresis, 5 people carried ALDH2*1/*1 as wild group and 9 people carried ALDH2*1/*2 as mutation group. The good linear range of alcohol and acetaldehyde were 0-1 570.7 microg/mL and 0-5.1772 microg/mL, respectively. The AUC values of alcohol and acetaldehyde and the t1/2Z value of alcohol were higher in the mutation group than that in the wild group. But the CL/F value of alcohol was lower in the mutation group than that in the wild group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION After the consumption of alcohol, alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism in blood slow down in ALDH2*1/*2 mutation group influenced by the inhibition of enzyme activity, leading to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in peripheral blood, thus reinforcing their effects in the body.
Alcohol Drinking ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Ethanol/metabolism* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo observe and compare the influence of pre- and post-exercise manipulation and natural recovery without any intervention on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after eccentric exercise and to explore the manipulation therapeutic mechanism on the metabolism of oxygen free radical (OFR).

METHODSThe study was carried on during Apr. to Jul. in 2008 at Nanjing University of TCM. The 30 healthy male students were divided into 3 groups randomly according to condition-equivalence principle including control group (C), pre-exercise manipulation group (A), post-exercise manipulation group (B). Before exercise, group A were intervened by manipulation for 30 minutes, which was followed by exercise 5 minutes later. While 30 minutes after exercise, group B accepted manipulation for 30 minutes and continued manipulation once a day for consecutive 3 days. Group C were not intervened by any approaches before or after exercise. The clinical manifestations, which include soreness intensity and lasting time, maximal isometric strength, arm girth, elbow range of motion, were evaluated at the 1st hour before exercise, immediately, 24th, 48th and 72th hours after exercise. Meanwhile, serum creatine kinase (CK), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum malonaldehyde (MDA) were determined at the 1st hour before exercise, immediately, 24th and 48th hours after exercise.

RESULTSCompared to group C, group A and B were manifested by significantly lower peak soreness (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), significantly better recovery of elbow flexing degree at the 72th hour after exercise (P < 0.05) and significantly lower rising range of serum CK at the 48th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). Comparing to group C, group A was manifested by significantly shorter lasting time of muscle soreness (P < 0.01) and significantly better recovery of maximal isometric strength of the 72th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). Compared to group C, group B was manifested by significantly better recovery of elbow extending degree at the 72 th hour after exercise (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the change of arm girth among the three groups. The level of Serum SOD, MDA and SOD/MDA at the 48th hour after exercise in group A and B were significantly different from those in group C (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThrough improving the metabolism of OFR, pre-exercise and post-exercise manipulation can partially prevent and treat DOMS respectively. In addition, preventive effect by pre-exercise manipulation is better than curing effect by post-exercise manipulation, which proves the TCM thought, that is, prevention superior to treatment.

Adolescent ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Exercise ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Muscle Fatigue ; physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of cerebral state index (CSI) in measuring the level of sedation during target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol in patients of different ages.

METHODSForty ASA class I-II patients undergoing general anesthesia were divided into group A (65 to 79 years old, n=20) and group B (20 to 55 years, n=20). The sedation level was assessed using OAA/S scale. Anesthesia was induced with TCI of propofol. The target effect-site concentration (CE) was set initially at 0.5 µg/ml followed by increments of 0.5 µg/ml every 5 min until 5 min after the patients lost consciousness and did not respond to pain stimulation (OAA/S=0). OAA/S score was recorded every 20 s, and MAP, HR, SPO(2) and CSI were recorded. Spearman correlation coefficient between OAA/S score and CSI and their prediction probabilities (Pk) were calculated. The values of CE(05), CE(50), CE(95) and CSI(05), CSI(50), CSI(95) at loss of verbal contact (LVC) (OAA/S=2) and loss of consciousness (LOC) (OAA/s≤1) were also calculated.

RESULTSCSI was well correlated to the sedation depth. The values of CE(50) and CSI50 were 1.3 µg/ml and 69.7 at LVC in group A, and were 1.8 µg/ml and 65.9 at LVC in group B, respectively. The values of CE(50) and CSI(50) were 1.5 µg/ml and 64.3 at LOC in group A, as compared to 2.5 µg/ml and 54.8 at LOC in group B, respectively. When the OAA/S scale was lower than 3, the CSI values in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONCSI can effectively and rapidly distinguish the level of sedation in different age groups. At the same OAA/S scale, the target effect-site concentration in the elderly is obviously lower than that in the young patients, but CSI values were significantly higher in the elderly than in the young patients during TCI of propofol.

Adult ; Aged ; Consciousness ; Deep Sedation ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; Young Adult

Aim To study targeting capability of anti-CD19 (Fab)-LDMto CD19 +B lymphoma cells in vi-vo and in vitro.Methods Flow cytometry was em-ployed to determine the affinity of Cy5 labeled anti-CD19 (Fab)-LDP to human lymphoma Raji cells.And the optical imaging system was used to analyze the dis-tribution of Cy5-anti-CD19 (Fab )-LDP in lymphoma-transplanted xenograft nude mice in vivo.Results The results of flow cytometry demonstrated that Cy5-an-ti-CD19(Fab)-LDP had remarkable affinity with lym-phoma Raji cells;Raji lymphoma xenograft model was established successfully in nude mice and in vivo fluo-rescence imaging analysis indicated that the antibody-drug conjugates could specially be localized in the tar-get tumor.Conclusion The experiments in vivo and vitro confirm that anti-CD19 (Fab)-LDP has remarka-ble affinity to targeting CD19 +lymphoma cells,and the antibody drugs anti-CD19 (Fab )-LDP have the probability to be new drugs for the treatment of malig-nant lymphoma.

Objective To explore the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perceived social support (PSS)ability among middle school students in earthquake-stricken areas after the Wenchuan earthquake accident. Methods A total of 1966 students from three secondary schools of Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas were evaluated by PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). Results The overall incidence rate of PTSD was 78.3%, with severe PTSD as 24.38%. Significant differences on the incidence rates of PTSD were found among the students who were in different PSS levels (P<0.05) and significant negative correlation existed between the levels of severity on PTSD and PSS (γ=-0.226, P<0.05). Significant differences on PTSD incidence rates were found among those students who were from different families or out-family PSS levels (P=0.009, P<0.05). Significant negative correlation existed between the severity of PTSD and family or out-family PSS level (γ=-0.176, P<0.05, γ=-0.214, P<0.05). Conclusion Relationships between the incidence rate, severity of PTSD and PSS levels existed among the middle school students in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas, with higher PSS, lower incidence rate and lighter severity of PTSD. Psychological intervention for earthquake-stricken students should be carried out.

OBJECTIVE: To determine an optimal clinical dose of ketamine after comparing the efficacy and security of 3 low dose ketamines mixed with butorphanol in the postoperative continuous intravenous analgesia. METHODS: Eighty ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II patients scheduled for elective gynecological surgery under general anesthesia were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=20): Group B received butorphanol 3 microg/(kg x h);Group BK1 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 60 microg/(kg x h); Group BK2 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 90 microg/(kg.h); and Group BK3 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 120 microg/(kg x h). Continuous intravenous infusion pump was used when the patients had obvious pain (visual analgesia scale of five), and the bolus infusion (4 mL) was given before the operation, and continuous infusion at 2 mL/h. In the postoperative period, pain was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) at 2,6,12,24, and 48 h.At the same time, Ramsay scores and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the adverse effects and the postoperative mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate values, and pulse oxygen among the 4 groups. Postoperative VAS values in Group BK3 was the lowest, followed by Group BK2. There was no significant difference between Group BK1 and Group B. The incidence of somnolence in Group B was higher than that in Group BK1, BK2 and BK3(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Ketamine in subanaesthetic dose added to butorphanol for postoperative continuous intravenous infusion has a better postoperative analgesic effect and sedation. It can effectively spare butorphanol consumption without increasing adverse effects. The optimal combined dose is 90-120 microg/(kg x h).
Adult ; Analgesia ; methods ; Analgesics ; administration & dosage ; Butorphanol ; administration & dosage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Ketamine ; administration & dosage ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of insulin on vascular endothelial cells of rats at early post-burn stage,and its mechanism.

METHODSAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: i. e, sham scald group (n = 7), scald group (n = 7) and treatment group (n = 7). The rats in the latter 2 groups were subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness burns with 94 degrees C water, and the sham scald rats were treated with 37 degrees C water. Intra-peritoneal injection of 40 ml/kg isotonic saline solution and subcutaneous injection of 3 units/kg insulin were given to the rats in treatment group after being subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness burns. Subcutaneous injection of equal amount of isotonic saline was given to the sham and burn groups. The changes in vascular endothelial cell structure were observed with electron microscopy at 24 post-scald hours(PSH). Meanwhile, the blood glucose contents, the serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) were determined with oxidase method and colorimetric method, respectively.

RESULTSThe injury of arterial endothelial cells in the treatment group was obviously alleviated compared with that in burn group. The blood glucose content in the treatment group (7.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/L) was significantly lower than that in scald group (8.2 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, P < 0.05), though it was much higher in both groups than that in sham scald group (4.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, P < 0.01) at 24 PBH. The serum content of NO, total NOS and cNOS in treatment group were obviously higher than those in scald group (P < 0.01), but there was no obvious difference in iNOS content between the two groups(P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONInsulin exhibits protective effect on vascular endothelial cells in severely scalded rats at the early post-burn stage, and it is attributed to its promotion of cNOS level leading to NO production.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Burns ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; pathology ; Insulin ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; blood ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possibility of crosstalk between phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway in cardiomyocyte with challenge of burn serum, and to explore their influence on cardiomyocyte injury after burn.

METHODSThe model of murine cardiomyocyte with stimulation of burn serum was established. (1) The level of Akt and p38 phosphorylation in cardiomyocyte were examined with stimulation of 10% burn serum before stimulation and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 hour after stimulation. (2) The levels of Akt and p38 phosphorylation in cardiomyocyte were determined with stimulation of burn serum (at concentration of 5%, 10%, 20%) or 10% burn serum plus insulin (at concentration of 1 x 10(-8), 1 x 10(-7), 1 x 10(-6)mol/L). The content of creatine kinase (CK) in supernate was also detected. (3) Addition to the inhibitor of p38 MAPK pathway (SB203580) and PI3K/Akt pathway (LY294002), the level of p38MAPK, PI3K/Akt and the content of CK in supernate were determined.

RESULTS(1) The level of p-p38 in cardiomyocyte was 4.0 +/- 0.8, 3.6 +/- 0.8, 5.1 +/- 1.6, 2.4 +/- 0.5, 3.0 +/- 0.6 at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 hour (s) after stimulation of burn serum, which was obviously higher than that immediate after stimulation (1.0, P < 0.01). The level of p-Akt was 0.15 +/- 0.07, 0.64 +/- 0.10, 0.26 +/- 0.08, 0.38 +/- 0.11, 0.59 +/- 0.13, which was obviously lower than that before stimulation (1.00, P < 0.01). (2) With stimulation of different concentration of burn serum or burn serum plus insulin, the level of p-Akt and p-p38 changed in the opposite directions comparatively. The content of CK increased along with increase of burn serum concentration, but decreased obviously with treatment of insulin (P < 0.05 or 0.01). (3) Low level of p38 induced by burn serum was increased after treatment of LY294002, which neutralized the protection of insulin (P < 0.01). Low level of p-Akt induced by burn serum increased after treatment of SB203580 (P < 0.01), which inhibited the release of CK induced by burn serum.

CONCLUSIONThere is being crosstalk between PI3K/Akt pathway and p38 MAPK pathway in cardiomyocytes with challenge of burn serum, which may regulate cardiomyocytes.

Animals ; Burns ; blood ; Male ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum ; Signal Transduction ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of intensive insulin treatment on the myocardium of severely scalded rats, and to primarily explore its mechanism.

METHODSEighteen SD rats were divided into three groups, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in burn and intensive insulin group were inflicted with 30% TBSA full-thickness injury on the back. Isotonic saline containing 0.12 U/ml insulin solution, and 100 g/L glucose solution were infused into the rats in the intensive insulin group to keep plasma glucose at the level of 4.0 - 6.6 mmol/L (the total fluid amount was 2 ml x kg(-1) x 8h(-1)). In sham burn group,fluid was given according to physiological demand. The same amount of isotonic saline was infused into the rats in burn group. The venous blood was obtained for the detection of plasma glucose contents, and the left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were recorded via aortic ventricle cannula before scald and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 post-scald hours (PSH). The tissue of the left ventricle was harvested at 6 PSH for the detection of troponin T expression in myocardiocytes.

RESULTSPlasma glucose level was increased to (7.6 +/- 1.7) mmol/L - (8.4 +/- 4.7) mmol/L in burn group during 1-6 PSH, which was significantly higher than that in intensive insulin group (4.5 +/- 0.9) mmol/L - (5.2 +/- 1.3) mmol/L, P < 0.01). Compared with the intensive insulin group, LVSP was markedly decreased in the burn group (60 +/- 11 mm Hg vs 72 +/- 8 mm Hg, P < 0.05) at 1 PSH,whereas LVEDP was increased significantly (21.3 +/- 11.3 mmHg vs 11.7 +/- 5.2 mmHg, P < 0.05). Intensive insulin treatment could significantly inhibit the loss of troponin T protein in myofilaments of myocardium.

CONCLUSIONIntensive insulin treatment possesses a protective effect on myocardia function after severe burns, and it may be related to its preventive effect on the loss of contractile protein in cardiocytes.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Burns ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Myocardial Contraction ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Troponin T ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the changes of serum anti-schistosome antibody titers in schistosomiasis japonica pa-tients after treatment,in order to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program in marshland and lake regions.Methods Upon prospective cohort study,the stool examination positive schistosomiasis patients and blood exami-nation positive suspected patients(the titer was more than 1:80,including 1:80)were selected as the research objects in Jian-gling County in 2014,and they received the 2-day praziquantel therapy.Half year,one year and two years after the treatment, their blood samples and fecal samples were collected for IHA anti-schistosome antibody detections and schistosome egg and mira-cidium detections. Results In 2014,the stool examination positives were 251,and the majority of them were over 41 years old,accounting for 93.23%(234/251);581 cases of high antibody titers were detected by the IHA method,and the majority of them were over 41 years old,accounting for 89.16%(518/581).Half year,one year and two years after the treatment,among the stool examination positives,the negative conversion rates of stool positives were 99.60%(250/251),100%(239/239)and 100%(234/234)respectively and the negative conversion rates of antibody positives were 21.91%(55/251),64.11%(156/239)and 76.89%(193/234)respectively.In the high antibody titer positives,the negative conversion rates were 38.04%(221/581),64.11%(359/560),and 77.86%(429/551)respectively,Half year,one year and two years after the treatment.There were statistically significant differences among the antibody negative conversion rates by χ2test(χ2=77.538,183.412,25.469 respectively,all P<0.001).The geometric mean values of antibody titers of different durations between 2 groups were analyzed by 2-independent-samples T test,and the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were different before the treatment(t=23.576,P<0.01),but the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were not different 6 months,1 year and 2 years after the treatment(t=-0.046,1.165, -0.132,P=0.964, 0.245,0.895 respectively). Conclu-sions The levels of serum anti-schistosome antibody degrade slowly in schistosomiasis japonica patients after the treatment, and the results of IHA tests cannot distinguish the current schistosome infection from previous schistosome infection.Therefore, it is necessary to develop the specific diagnostic technology for schistosome infection in order to meet the need of monitoring.