The present study was designed to observe the influence of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury on learning and memory in hyperlipidemic rats and estimate the changes of activity of autonomic nervous system. Twenty-three male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, named control group (C group, n=10), hyperlipidemia group (H group, n=6) and hyperlipidemia-ischemia group (HI group, n=7), respectively. The rats in H and HI group were fed a high-fat diet for 2 weeks and the rats in all groups were examined through Morris water maze (MWM) task. The rats in HI group underwent ischemia/reperfusion by 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) method, and had electrocardiogram (ECG) recording simultaneously. The MWM task and ECG recording were taken again after 7 d of recuperation. The following results were obtained: (1) In the second place navigation performance and probe trial performance, the frequency of memory in quadrant of hidden-platform and memory score decreased significantly in HI group compared to that in C and H groups. (2) The heart rate in HI group decreased slowly after ischemia; the power at high frequency band (HF) reduced gradually, meanwhile the power at middle frequency band (MF) and the ratio of power at MF and HF decreased clearly compared to baseline value. (3) After 7 d of ischemia/reperfusion, the heart rate in HI group was significantly higher than that in H group (P<0.05). While there was no statistical change in the power at MF, the power at HF decreased and the ratio of MF/HF increased significantly (P<0.05). The data demonstrated that ischemia/reperfusion decreased the activity of autonomic nervous system, and the reduction of sympathetic nerve activity was much more than that of vagus nerve activity. The results suggest that the hippocampus neuron injury caused by ischemia induces cognitive disorder and imbalance of vago-sympathetic nerve activity accompanied by vagus nerve suppression.
Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System ; physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Hippocampus ; physiopathology ; Hyperlipidemias ; complications ; Learning Disorders ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Memory Disorders ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; physiopathology

BACKGROUNDPneumonia has become the predominant cause of death for the elderly. It is critical to determine the status of oropharyngeal pathogen colonization in the elderly when treating pneumonia. To explore the efficient approaches to treat age-related pneumonia, we determined the status of oropharyngeal pathogenic colonization in the elderly community.

METHODSThroat swab cultures were used to isolate oropharyngeal pathogens from 706 residents older than 65 years living in the community of Shenyang City. Characteristics of bacterial strains were sorted and identified using drug sensitivity tests.

RESULTSResults of bacterial identification showed that 265 out of 706 samples were positive, thereby exhibiting a 37.5% positive rate. There were 290 bacterial strains isolated from the elderly community in total, of which 248 strains were gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and 42 strains were gram-positive cocci (GNC), accounting for 85.5% and 14.5%, respectively. There were 158 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, representing 54.4% of the all GNB.

CONCLUSIONThe rate of oropharyngeal GNB colonization in the elderly community increases and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common strain.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bacteria ; classification ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oropharynx ; microbiology

In order to study the distribution of virulence genes of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in Hebei Province,29 virulence genes of Lm,including Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity islands Ⅰ (LIPI-Ⅰ:prfA,plcA,plcB,hlyA,mpl and actA),10 internalins genes (inlA,inlB,inlC,inlD,inlE,inlF,inlG,inlH /C2,inlI and inlJ) and the other 13 virulence-associated genes (bsh,srtA,iap,sigB,virR,mprF,dltA,dltB,dltC,dltD,srtB,fbpA and hpt) were detected by PCR.Results showed that in the 91 Lm strains,the detection rate of 23 virulence genes were 100％.The 29 virulence genes of 26 Lm strains were all detected,and 65 Lm strains had different deletion of 6 virulence genes inlD,inlF,inlG,inlH /C2,inlJ and mpl.The deletion rate of inlG and inlF were 60.44％ and 54.95％,respectively,following by mpl gene,with a deletion rate of 19.78％.According to the absence of virulence genes,91 strains could be divided into 10 subtypes,and the dominant virulence subtypes was type Ⅰ with all 23 virulence genes.The deletion rate of virulent genes in Shijiazhuang was higher than that in northern Hebei.It is suggested that the rate of virulence gene of food-borne Lm in Hebei Province is high,and the virulence gene deletion patterns has diversity and regional differences.

AIMTo investigate the effects of morphine on synaptic transmission of neurons of central nervous system and reveal the mechanism underlying it.

METHODSNew born wistar rats were used for primary culture of hippocampus neurons. Using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we observed the excitatory and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (EPSC, sIPSC) and glutamate-induced current before and after morphine treatment.

RESULTS(1) sEPSC of hippocampal neurons was markedly increased after morphine application. The effect of morphine was blocked by opioid antagonist naloxone (n=18, P < 0.01). (2) The frequency of mEPSC and the amplitude of glutamate-induced current of hippocampal neurons had no significant changes after morphine treatment (P > 0.05). (3) Morphine inhibited sIPSC of hippocampal neurons markedly and naloxone could block this effect (n=13, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that the exciting effect of morphine on hippocampal neurons are not due to direct influence of morphine on glutamate synapses transmission, but may result from the inhibition on interneurons, that is "disinhibition" way.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; physiology ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synaptic Transmission ; drug effects ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo identify the susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.

METHODSSingle nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, genotyping and haplotype construction were performed in 30 candidate genes. Case-control study were carried out in a population-based sample and confirmed by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis in 77 trio pedigrees. The effects of the SNP rs5210 on gene expression were studied by reporter gene technique.

RESULTSThe case-control studies showed that several SNPs on KCNJ11 gene was associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population, in which the allele frequency of SNP rs5219, the genotype frequency of rs5210, rs2285676 and rs5219, and the frequency of haplotype GA combined of the rs5219 and rs5215 showed significant difference between these two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, TDT test also showed statistical significance on this haplotype GA (P < 0. 05). The reporter gene assay showed that the effect on gene expression was significantly different between two alleles of rs5210 (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONKCNJII gene is one of the susceptibility genes of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Testing ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Objective To explore whether the expression level of heparanase (HPA) and its coagulation proteins on leukemic blast membrane could determine the hemostatic balance on the surface of leukemia cells.Methods Forty patients of leukemia were studied,and 20 patients with iron dificient anemia as the control group.Expression of tissue factor (TF),heparanase (HPA),tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI),and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR) on leukemic blast surfaces were analyzed by flowcytometry.Results The expression of TF,UPAR,and HPA in AML,ALL,CML,CLL and CRAL groups were significantly higher compared with the control group (t =.3.289,3.507,2.701,P ＜0.05; t =2.498,0.802,3.090,P ＜0.05; t =2.642,3.308,2.696,P ＜0.05; t =3.417,3.434,2.382,P ＜0.05; t =2.193,2.272,2.263,P ＜0.05).There were no significantly differences between the leukemic cell expression of TFPI and the control group (P ＞0.05).Expression of TF,UPAR,HPA in AML patients were significantly higher than ALL,CML and CLL groups (t =2.463,2.179,2.276,P ＜0.05; t =2.637,2.402,2.095,P ＜0.05; t =2.548,2.425,2.412,P ＜0.05).The levels of TF,UPAR and HPA in M3,M4 and M5 patients were higher than that of M1,M2 groups (P ＜0.05).There were no significantly differences among M3,M4 and M5 (P ＞0.05).Conclusions These results suggest that TF,UPAR and HPA are predominately expressed on leukemic blast surface,particularly in M3and M4,5 subtypes.The expression of coagulation proteins on blast membrane might determine the hemostatic balance on the surface of leukemia cells.

Objective This study aimed to describe the prevalence of both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension, and to explore possible risk factors. Methods A Cross-sectional study was conducted in eight towns cluster-sampled randomly from Deqing County, Zhejiang Province. Totally. 29 306 subjects aged≥18 years old were recruited into this survey. Information on general information, life styles, health status and family history of chronic diseases was collected. Physical examinations including height, weight, blood pressure, etc. were done. Fasting plasma glucose was also tested. Results The prevalence of only T2DM, only hypertension and both of them was 3.34%, 28.72%, and 2.01%, respectively. Such prevalence of both reached a peak at the age of 70-79 years old.Family history of diabetes mellitus(OR=4.94, 95% CI:3.24-7.54, P<0.001) and having a spouse(OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.18-4.00, P=0.013) were possible risk factors of diabetes mellitus, body mass index(BMI)<24 kg/m2(OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.39-0.59, P<0.001) was the possible protective factor of diabetes mellitus, BMI<24 kg/m2(OR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.56-0.64, P<0.001), completing compulsory education(OR=0.54, 95% CI:0.49-0.59, P<0.001) and exercise(OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.86, P<0.001) were protective factors of hypertension, drinking(OR=1.18 , 95% CI: 1.08-1.29, P<0.001) was the possible risk factor of hypertension. BMI<24 kg/m2(OR= 0.26, 95% CI: 0.21-0.31, P<0.001), completing compulsory education(OR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.35-0.72, P<0.001) and drinking tea(OR=0.80, 95% CI:0.64-0.99, P=0.045) were protective factors of these two diseases. Farmers(OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.04-1.76, P=0.024), family history of diabetes(OR=4.21, 95% CI: 2.71-6.57, P<0.001) and family history of hypertension(OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.31-2.64, P=0.001) were risk factors for the co occurrence of two diseases. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes among adults in Deqing County was relatively lower than other places. The prevalence of hypertension was close to the level of other regions. Age, overweight, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes and hypertension were the risk factors of diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes mellitus was a high-risk group of hypertension. Further means should be taken to strengthen the self-management and treatment of this group. Further intervention action should be taken to promote health and quality of life.

BACKGROUNDNurr1 plays an essential role in the development, survival, and function maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and it is a potential target for Parkinson's disease (PD). Nurr1 mRNA can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but whether there is any association of altered Nurr1 expression in PBMC with the disease and DA drug treatments remains elusive. This study aimed to measure the Nurr1 mRNA level in PBMC and evaluate the effect of Nurr1 expression by DA agents in vivo and in vitro.

METHODSThe mRNA levels of Nurr1 in PBMC of four subgroups of 362 PD patients and 193 healthy controls (HCs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction were measured. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to evaluate the differences between PD and HC, as well as the subgroups of PD. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association of Nurr1 expression with Hoehn and Yahr scale, age, and drug treatments. Besides, the Nurr1 expression in cultured PBMC was measured to determine whether DA agonist pramipexole affects its mRNA level.

RESULTSThe relative Nurr1 mRNA levels in DA agonists treated subgroup were significant higher than those in recent-onset cases without any anti-PD treatments (de novo) (P < 0.001) and HC groups (P < 0.010), respectively. Furthermore, the increase in Nurr1 mRNA expression was seen in DA agonist and L-dopa group. Multivariate linear regression showed DA agonists, L-dopa, and DA agonists were independent predictors correlated with Nurr1 mRNA expression level in PBMC. In vitro, in the cultured PBMC treated with 10 μmol/L pramipexole, the Nurr1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by 99.61%, 71.75%, 73.16% in 2, 4, and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSDA agonists can induce Nurr1 expression in PBMC, and such effect may contribute to DA agonists-mediated neuroprotection on DA neurons.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Dopamine Agonists ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2 ; genetics ; Parkinson Disease ; drug therapy ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical efficacy and mechanism of Zhuyu Tongfu (ZYTF) Serial Recipe combined with acupuncture and massotherapy in treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (HCH).

METHODSOne hundred and eighteen patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, on the basis of conventional Western medicine treatment, were randomly divided into ZYTF combined with acupuncture and massotherapy group (treated group) and simple Western medicine group (control group); the clinical efficacy, neurofunction deficit scoring (NDS) alterations and hematoma absorption rate of both groups were observed, and also the plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, plasma lipid peroxidase (LPO) content, erythrocyte glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, hematocrit (Ht) and the whole blood viscosity (Va) change were also observed.

RESULTSIn the treated group, the clinical efficacy, NDS improvement and hematoma absorption rate were superior to that of the control group; comparison between the two groups after treatment showed that plasma SOD activity and GSH-Px activity got more elevated and plasma LPO content, Ht and Va more lowered in the the treated group than those in the control group.

CONCLUSIONZYTF combined with acupuncture and massotherapy has better effect, its therapeutic mechanism was possibly correlated to the elevation of plasma SOD activity, GSH-Px activity and lowering of plasma LPO content, Ht and Va.

Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive ; therapy ; Male ; Massage ; methods ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

Puerarin injection is commonly used in clinical treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, retinal artery, vein occlusion, sudden deafness and so on. This paper is aimed to evaluate the safety of puerarin injection in clinical use and explore the related factors that may cause its adverse reactions (ADRs), so as to find the warning signal of safety medication in time, put forward early warning, make early judgment and treatment, and ensure the safety of drug use. By strengthening surveillance, the best medication plan was established to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions of puerarin injection and enhance people's awareness on the safety of puerarin injection. Database were searched to collect literature related to ADRs of puerarin injection. The data were extracted and analyzed by decision tree with treeage software and ² test was used to verify the data. A total of 62 papers involving 129 cases were included. The results showed that ADRs occurred mostly in patients aged 50-79 years, with the immune system and blood system accounting for the majority (88.3%), and ADRs occurred mostly 48 h after drug administration (61.1%). The severity of ADRs was not related to the dosage of puerarin, but it was related to the choice of the infusion solvent. In puerarin injection, most of the ADRs were moderate or severe (64.3%), 13 out of 129 cases were of death. Therefore, the indications and methods of use should be strictly controlled, and the allergic history of patients should be carefully questioned before medication to strengthen the monitoring of drug use.
Aged ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Injections ; Isoflavones ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Middle Aged