OBJECTIVETo study the effect and the mechanism of Xuesaitong drop pills (total saponins in Radix Notoginseng; XDP) on experimental thrombosis, thrombolysis and blood theology.

METHODFirst, the rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, XDP (90, 30, 10 mg x kg(-1)), Xuesaitong tablet (XP) 30 mg x kg(-1). Then the effect of the drugs on thrombus and thrombosis was studied after the ratsthrombosis was induced by the arteriovenous shunt. Second, the rats were randomly divided into seven groups: model, XDP (90, 30, 10 mg x kg(-1)), XT (90, 30 mg x kg(-1)), lumbrukinase capsule. Then the effect of the drugs on thrombus and thrombosis was studied after the rats'thrombosis was induced by the electrical stimulation of common carotid artery. Third, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, model, XDP (80, 40 mg x kg(-1)), XT (40, 20 mg x kg(-1)). Then the effect of the drugs on blood circulation promoting was observed after the rats'acute blood stasis induced by adrenalin and icy water.

RESULTXDP 90, 30 mg x kg(-1) could notably lighten the wet-weight and dry-weight of thrombus in the arteriovenous shunt model in rats in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). XDP 90 mg x kg(-1) with intragastric administration for 3 days had the satisfactory effect on thrombolysis after the rat's thrombosis was induced by the electrical stimulation of common carotid artery (P < 0.01). XDP 80, 40 , 20 mg x kg(-1) reduced significantly erythrocyte aggregation (P < 0.01) and decreased the whole blood viscosity at low shear rate (P < 0.05). XDP 80, 40 mg x kg(-1) reduced the whole blood viscosity at high shear rate and plasma viscosity (P < 0.05). XDP 80 mg x kg(-1) decreased the whole blood viscosity at high shear rate (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONXDP can significantly inhibit the thrombosis and has the satisfactory effect on thrombolysis. One kind of the mechanism is related to the effect on blood rheology.

Animals ; Blood Viscosity ; drug effects ; Carotid Artery Thrombosis ; blood ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; drug effects ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; drug effects ; Female ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Saponins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Thrombolytic Therapy

Objective To observe effects of different dosages of moxibustion with ginger-separated moxibustion on expressions of mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK) 1/2 and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 of gastric tissue in rats with spleen deficiency; To explore the possible mechanism and the dose-effect relationship. Methods Seventy-five SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group, model group, ginger-separated moxibustion for three zhuang group, six zhuang group and nine zhuang group according to random digits table method, with fifteen rats in each group. The rat model of spleen deficiency was established by intragastric administration with 200% Rhei Radix et Rhizoma infusion at 4 ℃. Ginger-separated moxibustion groups were treated with different dosage of moxibustion at "Zusanli", "Zhongwan" for eight days after the modeling. Pathological changes of gastric tissue by HE staining were observed under light microscope, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in gastric tissue of rats. Results Compared with the blank control group rats, the gastric mucosa injury in the model group was obvious, which showed that the damage and abscission was more serious; compared with the model group, the gastric mucosa of rats was partly exfoliated and the damage was improved in three zhuang group, and the surface of gastric mucosa of rats was more complete and damage was improved obviously in six zhuang group and nine zhuang group; compared with the blank control group, the expressions of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in gastric tissue increased obviously in other groups (P<0.01);compared with three zhuang group, the expressions of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in gastric tissue increased in six zhuang group and nine zhuang group (P<0.01), but the effects of the two group were similar, without statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusion Ginger-separated moxibustion can repair gastric mucosa in rats with spleen deficiency, which may be closely associated with its effect in increasing the expressions of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in gastric tissue and activating the MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway.

Objective: To observe the effects of different doses of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on serum trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) levels, as well as the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in gastric mucosa of rats with spleen deficiency syndrome, therefore, to explore the possible mechanism and the dose-effect characteristics of ginger-partitioned moxibustion in spleen deficiency syndrome. Methods: Seventy-five SPF grade Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a blank control group (group A), a model group (group B), a 3 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion group (group C1), a 6 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion group (group C2) and a 9 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion group (group C3) using random number table method, 15 rats in each group. Except group A, rats in the other groups received intragastric administration of 4 ℃200% concentrated Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) to prepare spleen deficiency syndrome model. After successful modeling, rats in group B received no treatment; rats in group C1, C2 and C3 were treated with 3, 6 and 9 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) respectively for 8 continuous days. The general symptom score of rats was observed. The serum levels of TFF1 and MUC5AC were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of EGFR protein in gastric mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: After the treatment, compared with group A, the spleen deficiency symptom score was increased in group B, the levels of serum TFF1 and MUC5AC, the EGFR protein expression in gastric tissues of group C1, C2 and C3 were significantly increased (all P<0.01); compared with group B, the spleen deficiency scores were decreased in group C1, C2 and C3, and the serum levels of TFF1 and MUC5AC, as well as EGFR protein expression in gastric tissues were increased (all P<0.01). Compared with group C1, the spleen deficiency scores were decreased in group C2 and C3, the serum levels of TFF1 and MUC5AC, and the expression of EGFR protein in gastric tissues were increased (all P<0.01), however, there was no significant difference between group C2 and C3 (all P>0.05). The mechanism may be related to the increase of serum TFF1 and MUC5AC levels and activation of EGFR protein. Conclusion: Ginger-partitioned moxibustion can improve the symptoms, as well as promote the proliferation and repair of gastric mucosa in rats with spleen deficiency. The therapeutic efficacy of 6 or 9 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion is better than that of 3 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion, while the efficacies are equivalent between 6 and 9 moxa-cone ginger-partitioned moxibustion groups.

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the role of S-100B and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in predicting the outcomes of patients with severe head injury.

METHODSForty patients with severe head injury were included in this study. The serum concentrations of S-100B and NSE were measured within 12 hours after head injury to investigate the correlation between serum levels of S-100B and NSE and outcome. Validity of both S-100B and NSE in outcome prediction was assessed with Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTSThe serum concentrations of S-100B and NSE of both groups, with favorable or unfavorable outcomes, were significantly higher than those of the normal group. The serum concentrations within 12 hours after head injury were closely correlated with the prognosis. Furthermore, according to the ROC curves of S-100B and NSE, S-100B was found better in predicting outcomes than NSE.

CONCLUSIONSS-100B and NSE may play important roles in outcome prediction after severe head injury. Moreover, S-100B is clearly superior to NSE in terms of predictive value and appears to be a more promising serum marker in outcome prediction after severe head injury.

Craniocerebral Trauma ; blood ; Female ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Humans ; Male ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; blood ; Prognosis ; ROC Curve ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; blood ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genetic differences of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) Sta56 gene between Shandong isolates and other strains deposited in GenBank.

METHODSPCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to amplify the complete sequence of Ot-Sta56 gene. RFLP profiles of Ot were predicted by a computer program according to their complete sequences of Ot-Sta56 gene. PCR amplicon from XDM2 strain was sequenced and analyzed by Clustal X (1.8) and PHYLIP software.

RESULTSThe complete sequences (about 1.6 kbp) of Ot-Sta56 gene were amplified from B16 strain (isolated from patients), FXS2 strain (isolated from A. agrarius) and XDM2 strain. Four species of restriction endonucleases (Hha I, Hinf I, Hae III, Pst I) were used to digest the PCR amplicons from the 3 isolates. When comparing with the RFLP profiles of prototype Ot, the RFLP profiles of PCR amplicons from the 3 isolates were similar to those of Japan Kawasaki strain, but were quite different from the international reference strains Gilliam, Karp, Kato. Results from DNA sequence analysis showed that the complete sequence of Ot-Sta56 gene homology to Japan Kawasaki strain of XDM2 strain was 97%, and deduced amino acid sequence was 92%.

CONCLUSIONData from the complete sequence of Sta56 gene indicated that the genotypes of Ot isolates in Shandong province were similar, but with distinction from the Kawasaki strain.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Antigens, Bacterial ; genetics ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; classification ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

D-Allose and its derivatives play important roles in the field of health care and food nutrition. Pure and well-defined D-allose derivatives can facilitate the elucidation of their structure-activity relationship as an essential step for drug design. The Lattrell-Dax epimerization, refers to the triflate inversion using nitrite reagent, is known as valuable method for the synthesis of rare D-allose derivatives. Here, the influence of protecting group patterns on the transformation efficiency of D-glucose derivatives into synthetically useful D-alloses and D-allosamines via the Lattrell-Dax epimerization was studied. For C3 epimerization of D-glucose derivatives bearing O2-acyl group, an anomeric configuration-dependent acyl migration from O2 to O3 was found. In addition, a neighbouring group participation effect-mediated S1 nucleophilic substitution of the D-glucosamine bearing C2 trichloroacetamido (TCA) group in the Lattrell-Dax epimerization was dependent upon anomeric configuration. Thus, the effect of anomeric configuration on the Lattrell-Dax epimerization of D-glucose suggests that β-D-glucosides with low steric hindrance at C2 should be better substrates for the synthesis of D-allose derivatives. Significantly, the efficient synthesis of the orthogonally protected D-allose 13 and D-allosamine 18 will serve well for further assembly of complex glycans.

Bone Neoplasms ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Osteoblastoma/surgery*

This study was purposed to investigate the expression of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) and CD68 in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients with EB virus infection and to analyze the relation of LMP-1 expression and CD68(+) tumor-associated macrophage count with clinical features and prognosis of HL patients. The expression of LMP1 and count of CD68(+) TAM were detected by immunohistochemical staining in tissue specimens of 72 HL patients; their correlation with clinical features and prognosis of HL patients was analyzed by using statistical method. The results showed that among tissue specimens of 72 HL patients, the positive rate of LMP-1 expression was 18.1% (13/72), the CD68(+) TAM count was more higher in LMP-1 positive expression [250 of CD68(+) TAM/high power field (hpf) is used as demarcation point] (P = 0.003). The statistical analysis showed that the LMP-1 positive expression was more observed in mixed type HL patients (P = 0.000); the positive rate of LMP-1 expression was much high in HL patients with albumin <40 g/L and age ≥ 45 years (P < 0.05). There was no relation of LMP-1 expression and CD68(+) TAM count with the short term therapeutic efficacy of HL patients, but the overall survival time of LMP-1 positive patients among patients followed-up for ≥ 5 years was short (P < 0.05). Moveover, no correlation of CD68(+) TAM count with the overall survival time of HL patients was found. It is concluded that the high count of CD68(+) TAM is more observed in LMP-1 positive expression of HL tissue, the LMP-1 expression states relates both with the pathological types, age and albumin level of patient with HL. The HL patients with LMP-1 positive expression have poor prognosis, suggesting that LMP-1 may be a new prognostic marker for HL patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Child ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Female ; Hodgkin Disease ; diagnosis ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; metabolism ; Young Adult

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism* ; Humans ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism* ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Mutation ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Troponin T/metabolism*

BACKGROUND: Shenyankangfu Tablet (SYKFT) is a Chinese patent medicine that has been used widely to decrease proteinuria and the progression of chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: This trial compared the efficacy and safety of SYKFT, for the control of proteinuria in primary glomerulonephritis patients, against the standard drug, losartan potassium. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: This was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Primary glomerulonephritis patients, aged 18-70 years, with blood pressure ≤ 140/90 mmHg, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 45 mL/min per 1.73 m MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was change in the 24-hour proteinuria level, after 48 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 735 participants were enrolled. The percent decline of urine protein quantification in the SYKFT group after 48 weeks was 8.78% ± 2.56% (P = 0.006) more than that in the losartan 50 mg group, which was 0.51% ± 2.54% (P = 1.000) less than that in the losartan 100 mg group. Compared with the losartan potassium 50 mg group, the SYKFT plus losartan potassium 50 mg group had a 13.39% ± 2.49% (P < 0.001) greater reduction in urine protein level. Compared with the losartan potassium 100 mg group, the SYKFT plus losartan potassium 100 mg group had a 9.77% ± 2.52% (P = 0.001) greater reduction in urine protein. With a superiority threshold of 15%, neither was statistically significant. eGFR, serum creatinine and serum albumin from the baseline did not change statistically significant. The average change in TCM syndrome score between the patients who took SYKFT (-3.00 [-6.00, -2.00]) and who did not take SYKFT (-2.00 [-5.00, 0]) was statistically significant (P = 0.003). No obvious adverse reactions were observed in any group. CONCLUSION: SYKFT decreased the proteinuria and improved the TCM syndrome scores of primary glomerulonephritis patients, with no change in the rate of decrease in the eGFR. SYKFT plus losartan potassium therapy decreased proteinuria more than losartan potassium therapy alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02063100 on ClinicalTrials.gov.