This study aims to investigate the relationship between odor and contents of the chemical compounds in Lonicera japonica, including chlorogenic acid, galuteolin and polyphenols. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the contents of chlorogenic acid and galuteolin in L. japonica. The ponptent of polyphenols was determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Electronic nose was used to extract and measure the odor of L. japonica. Then SPSS 17.0 software was employed for data processing. There is a significant positive correlation between the comprehensive index value of aroma and the contents of chlorogenic acid and polyphenols. The regression equations have been established. However, the relationship between the comprehensive index value and the content of galuteolin is not obvious. This is proof that the odor of L. japonica has close connection with the chemical compounds. Therefore, this research offered a new method for initially determine or predict the content of the chemical composition in L. japonica,
Chlorogenic Acid ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Electronic Nose ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Odorants ; analysis ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; Smell

Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide distribution of Apicom-plexans,which are widely parasitic in human and warm-blooded animals.Due to the factors such as host and geographical distribution,the population structure has rich genetic diversity.At present,the study of the genotype of Toxoplasma gondii and summary papers are relatively few.This paper reviews the biological information that has been reported in the world regarding the toxoplasmosis of birds such as domesticated chickens,ornamental birds,pet birds and wild rare birds,and to provide basis for further research on biological information such as epidemiology of bird toxoplasmosis and population structure of insects.

Objective To explore the relationship between HBV infection and the genotypes and allele frequencies of CⅡTA G-944C gene polymorphism in three minority populations(Jinuo,Dai and Aini population)in Xishuangbanna district,Yunnan province.Methods Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing method were used to study the genotypes and allele frequencies distributions of CⅡTA G-944C gene polymorphism in those three populations.Relationship between the genotypes distribution and HBV infection results were also analyzed.Results The rates on HBV infection and HBsAg carrier status in Aini minority population were 89.2% and 16.3%,which were significantly higher than in Jinuo(27.9% and 3.9%,χ~2=135.196 and 10.361,P=0.000 and 0.001)and Dai population(44.9% and 6.6% χ~2=96.783 and 8.748,P=0.000 and 0.003)while among Aini population it was significantly different with the other two minority populations.The CC genotype and C allele frequencies were more distributed in Aini population than in the other two minority populations.In contrast,the GG genotype and G allele frequencies were lower than the other two minority populations,with χ~2 rates between Aini and Jinuo population were 11.841 and 12.208 and the P as 0.003 and 0.000 respectively while the χ~2 rates between Ami and Dai population were 23.902 and 20.220 with P value as 0.000 and 0.000.The genotypes frequencies of CⅡTA G-944C was significantly different in the infected individuals(IF)group and health control(HC)group in Jinuo population(χ~2=6.150 and 4.911,P=0.046 and 0.027).When compared with HBsAg+ group and HBsAg~- group,the genotypes and allele frequencies were different in Aini population and the total three minority populations(χ~2 rates in Jinuo minority were 8.650 and 5.034 with P values as 0.013 and 0.025).However,the χ~2 rates in the whole population were 13.047 and 9.416 with P values as 0.001 and 0.002,respectively.The distribution of CC genotype and C allele gene in HBsAg~+ group was increasing.Data from non-condition logistic regression analysis and adjusting for confounding factors,the HBsAg~+ group had a significantly increase of HBsAg~- group under the C allele Recessive Model(P=0.000;OR=2.964;95% CI:1.609-5.460).Conclusion The genotypes and allele frequencies distribution of CⅡTA G-944C were different in the three ethnic populations.Polymorphism of this gene was closely associated with HBsAg carrier.The CC genotype patients were more easily to become HBsAg carrier.

OBJECTIVE: To determine an optimal clinical dose of ketamine after comparing the efficacy and security of 3 low dose ketamines mixed with butorphanol in the postoperative continuous intravenous analgesia. METHODS: Eighty ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II patients scheduled for elective gynecological surgery under general anesthesia were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=20): Group B received butorphanol 3 microg/(kg x h);Group BK1 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 60 microg/(kg x h); Group BK2 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 90 microg/(kg.h); and Group BK3 received butorphanol 2 microg/(kg x h) mixed with ketamine 120 microg/(kg x h). Continuous intravenous infusion pump was used when the patients had obvious pain (visual analgesia scale of five), and the bolus infusion (4 mL) was given before the operation, and continuous infusion at 2 mL/h. In the postoperative period, pain was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) at 2,6,12,24, and 48 h.At the same time, Ramsay scores and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the adverse effects and the postoperative mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate values, and pulse oxygen among the 4 groups. Postoperative VAS values in Group BK3 was the lowest, followed by Group BK2. There was no significant difference between Group BK1 and Group B. The incidence of somnolence in Group B was higher than that in Group BK1, BK2 and BK3(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Ketamine in subanaesthetic dose added to butorphanol for postoperative continuous intravenous infusion has a better postoperative analgesic effect and sedation. It can effectively spare butorphanol consumption without increasing adverse effects. The optimal combined dose is 90-120 microg/(kg x h).
Adult ; Analgesia ; methods ; Analgesics ; administration & dosage ; Butorphanol ; administration & dosage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Ketamine ; administration & dosage ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of astragaloside Ⅳ on systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)mice.Methods A total of 40 female spontaneous MRL/lpr SLE model mice were randomly divided into five groups:model group,Prednisone group,astragaloside Ⅳ group,astragaloside Ⅳ+CHPG[nuclear factor KappaB(NF-κB)pathway activator]group and astragaloside Ⅳ+Nigerian[NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing protein 3(NLRP3)activator]group,with eight mice in each group.Eight female MRL/MpJ mice were used as normal group.During the administration,the body mass was weighted.After administration,the spleen,thymus and kidney were weighted,and the organ index was calculated.The 24-hour urinary protein level in urine samples,the biochemical indexes of creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),autoantibodies[antinuclear antibody(ANA),anti-double-stranded DNA(dsDNA)antibody,anti-snRNP/Sm antibody]and inflammatory mediators[interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-18]in blood samples were detected.The pathological damage of renal tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,and the fibrosis of renal tissue was observed by Masson staining.The expressions of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway-related proteins in kidney and spleen tissues were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the model group,the body mass of mice in prednisone group and astragaloside Ⅳ group increased,the spleen index,thymus index and kidney index were decreased,the serum levels of ANA antibody,anti-dsDNA antibody and anti-snRNP/Sm antibody were decreased,the levels of SCr,BUN and 24-hour urine protein were decreased,the levels of IL-1 βand IL-18 wrere decreased,the ratios of p-p65/p65,p-IKBα/IKBα,cleaved caspase-1/pro caspase-1 and the relative expression of NLRP3 protein in kidney and spleen tissues were decreased(all P＜0.05),and the pathological damage and fibrosis of renal tissue in SLE mice were alleviated,there being no significant difference between the two administration groups(P＞0.05).NF-κB activator and NLRP3 inflammasome activator eliminated the improvement of astragaloside Ⅳ on the above indexes in SLE mice to a certain extent.Conclusion Astragaloside Ⅳ can improve the immune function of SLE mice,reduce renal injury and inflammatory response,and its mechanism may be related to its inhibition of the activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinicopathological features of gastric neuroendocrine tumors.

METHODSTwenty cases were reviewed. The specimens were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and immunostained by S-P method.

RESULTSAmong the twenty cases, one case was carcinoid, three were malignant carcinoids, six had small cell carcinomas and ten had mixed extocrine--endocrine carcinomas. Immunohistological examination of tumor cells found 80% positive for S-100, NSE (85%), CgA (50%), SY (50%), gastrin (30%), serotonin (65%), AE1/AE3 (50%), and CEA (80%).

CONCLUSIONSIn the WHO classification, there are five histological types in endocrine tumors of gastrointestinal tract. They are carcinoid, malignant carcinoid, small cell carcinoma, mixed exocrine--endocrine carcinoma and tumor-like lesions. But some cases in our paper were so different that they could not be classified. The gastric endocrine tumors are different from intestinal endocrine tumors and in classification, treatment and prognosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; metabolism ; Carcinoid Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Gastrins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; metabolism ; pathology ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; metabolism ; Prognosis ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo analyze the early and long-term results after mitral-aortic valve replacement for rheumatic valvular disease and the determinant factors involved and subsequent therapies.

METHODS1 154 patients receiving combined mitral-aortic valve replacement for rheumatic valvular disease from May 1981 to May 2001 were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 41.48 +/- 10.00 years. Concomitant valve plasty was performed for associated tricuspid organic or significant functional lesions. Lateral tilting disc or bileaflet valve prostheses were used for replacement. New York Heart Association functional status showed Class III or IV in 91.77% of the patients. Moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension occurred in 29.38% of the patients. The duration of follow-up varied from 8 months to 20 years.

RESULTSThe hospital mortality was decreased from 6.50% to 4.45%. The 5-, 10- and l5-year survival rates were 89.46% +/- 1.35%, 86.50% +/- l.91% and 67.86% +/- 6.16%, respectively. The 5-, 10- and l5-year thromboembolic event free rates were 97.80% +/- 0.74%, 88.31% +/- 2.20% and 94.08% +/- 2.29%, respectively. the 5-, 10- and l5-year anticoagulant related bleeding free rates were 94.80% +/- 1.09%, 89.32% +/- 2.10% and 83.12% +/- 3.57% respectively. Cardiac functional status returned to Class II in 98% patients and to Class III in 2% during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONSBoth left and right ventricular functions may be impaired as a result of rheumatic valvular disease. Tricuspid valve should be explored during surgery and any significant tricuspid annular enlargement and regurgitation showed be corrected in concomitance. Long-acting penicillin regimen is needed for 3 - 5 years for the prevention of rheumatic fever relapse. A low intensity anticoagulant regimen after valve replacement with prothrombin time targeting at 1.5 - 2.0 times is advisable in lessening anticoagulant related bleeding yet optimizing sufficient prevention against thromboembolic complications.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aortic Valve ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Valve Diseases ; etiology ; surgery ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; methods ; mortality ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitral Valve ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Rheumatic Heart Disease ; complications ; prevention & control ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome ; Tricuspid Valve ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the surgical technique and indication on descending aortic aneurysms.

METHODSFrom January 1996 to June 2006, 41 patients with descending aortic aneurysm underwent operation, including DeBakey type III dissection in 26, false aneurysm in 6, true aneurysm in 4, and residual or newly complicated type III dissection after the surgery of Marfan syndrome in 5. Operations were performed by left heart bypass in 9, femoral-femoral bypass in 7, pulmonary-femoral bypass in 2, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in 23. The whole thoracic descending aorta was replaced in 15, and intercostal arteries were reimplanted in 12.

RESULTSOne patient died of acute renal failure with the hospital mortality 2.4%. Main complications: respiratory dysfunction in 6, renal dysfunction in 6, recurrent nerve injuries in 4, chylothorax in 2, and no paraplegia.

CONCLUSIONSSurgical intervention of descending aortic aneurysm still has its unique advantages and indications; surgical safety is markedly improved by the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic ; surgery ; Extracorporeal Circulation ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypothermia, Induced ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To investigate the difference of blood sampling methods from heparin maintained arterial catheter for blood gas analysis and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).Methods Conventional and modified arterial catheter blood sampling methods were applied at the same period of time to 30 cases with arterial pressure measurement.3-5 ml blood containing heparin was disposed in conventional method.No blood was disposed for the modified method.The samples were used for blood gas analysis and APTT.The operation time of the sampling by two methods were compared.Results No significant difference was seen for the blood gas analysis and APTT from the blood samples collected by two different methods (P ＞ 0.05).The operation time of modified method was significantly shorter than that of the conventional method [(187.87 ±15.05)s vs (275.73 ±14.75)s,t =22.84;P＜0.01].Conclusions Arterial catheter blood sampling from heparin maintained blood by the modified method gives accurate clinical laboratory results,in this case,the blood gas analysis and the APTT.No blood is wasted and the operation time for the nurses is reduced.The modified method could be an alternative to the conventional blood collection method.

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to regulate the immune response and maintain immune system homeostasis of the immune system. Through overexpression of PD-L1, tumor cells bind to PD-1 on the surface of immune cells, inhibiting the activity and function of immune cells, leading to immune escape of cancer cells and tumor progression. Gastrointestinal cancer is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate worldwide, and the effectiveness of current systematic treatment options is limited. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have attracted much attention in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy has been incorporated into the treatment of some gastrointestinal malignancies. Different from traditional treatment, it uses various means to stimulate and enhance the immune function of the body to achieve the therapeutic purpose of controlling and eliminating tumor cells. However, although PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown potential in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, the efficacy of single inhibitor therapy is limited, which may be due to the ability of tumors to escape immune attack through other pathways after inhibitor treatment, or the presence of other immunosuppressive factors. For example, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors can be combined with other immune checkpoint drugs, molecularly targeted drugs, or chemotherapy drugs to simultaneously act on different immune pathways and improve the comprehensive effect of immunotherapy. However, to achieve an effective combination therapy, we need to delve into the specific mechanisms of action of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the development and progression of gastrointestinal tumors, which can help to develop the best treatment strategy and provide individualized treatment options for the appropriate patient population. Therefore, future studies should focus on the regulatory mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 axis and evaluate the therapeutic effects of different treatment combinations on gastrointestinal tumors. In this paper, we review the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in tumorigenicity and its mechanism, and review the single and combined treatment strategies of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in gastrointestinal tumors.