Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Objective To understand the disease experiences of women with endometriosis(EMs),so as to provide a basis for improving the diagnosis,treatment,nursing and support of this population.Methods The databases of PubMed,Web of Science,Scopus,Embase,Cochrane Library,VIP,Wanfang Data,CNKI,CBM were retrieved on qualitative research about the disease experiences of endometriosis patients from inception to Jun 2023.The quality of the literature was evaluated by Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)Critical Appraisal Tool for qualitative studies.Results A total of 17 studies were included,51 clear research findings were extracted,which were summarized into 10 new categories and 3 integrated results:(1)Cyclical episodes of the disease not only bring physical and psychological distress,but also lead to decreasing the patient's sense of female identity,destroying social and intimating relationships;(2)The doctor and patient interaction is influenced by imbalance of cognitive,the process of diagnosis and treatment is full of challenges,and patients have a demand for professional information and social support;(3)Growing up in pain,patients actively self-adjust and positively cope with the disease.Conclusion EMs affects patients'quality of life physiologically and psychologically,with prevalent issues of delayed diagnosis and repeated treatments.The professional information supported by health professionals needs to be improved.Healthcare providers should pay more attention to patients'physical and emotional experiences in their clinical work,improve their informal support,participate in long-term management,and improve patients'ability to manage their diseases.

Objective To explore the feelings and needs of patients with pancreatic duct stones undergoing endoscopic treatment,and to provide a basis for formulating personalized methods.Methods Purposive sampling method was used to select 15 patients who were treated in the Department of Gastroenterology of a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Shanghai from February to April 2023 for semi-structured interviews.Colaizzi 7-step analysis method was used to code and summarize the data to refine the theme.Results The treatment experience and needs of patients were summarized into four themes.① Inadequate pain cognition and coping management before treatment:characterized by persistent or intermittent abdominal pain;The location of onset is hidden and easy to be misdiagnosed.Ineffective coping style;Affecting daily life and reducing the quality of life.② Changes of physiological comfort during the diagnosis and treatment period:abdominal soft tissue injury;Postoperative complications.③ Attitude changes after treatment:expectant treatment before diagnosis and treatment;Disappointment and doubt when expectations are not met;Belief after symptom improvement;④ Needs during treatment:professional guidance;Continuous nursing support.Conclusion Patients with pancreatic duct stones have insufficient knowledge of pain before endoscopic treatment.During the treatment,their attitudes may change and they may seek external support.Medical staff should pay attention to the dynamic changes of their physiological,psychological and social needs,and take corresponding measures to reduce pain,improve comfort and promote rehabilitation of patients.

The male patient,one day old,was admitted to the hospital due to hypoglycemia accompanied by apnea appearing six hours after birth.The patient had transient hypoglycemia early after birth,and acute heart failure suddenly occurred on the eighth day after birth.Laboratory tests showed significantly reduced levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol,and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging was normal.Genetic testing results showed that the patient had probably pathogenic compound heterozygous mutations of the TBX19 gene(c.917-2A＞G+c.608C＞T),inherited respectively from the parents.The patient was conclusively diagnosed with congenital isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency caused by mutation of the TBX19 gene.Upon initiating hydrocortisone replacement therapy,cardiac function rapidly returned to normal.After being discharged,the patient continued with the hydrocortisone replacement therapy.By the 18-month follow-up,the patient was growing and developing well.In neonates,unexplained acute heart failure requires caution for possible endocrine hereditary metabolic diseases,and timely cortisol testing and genetic testing should be conducted.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2024,26(3):321-324,V]

Objective To explore the disinfection effect of ozone combined with peracetic acid(PAA)on reducing the total number of aerobic bacteria in pure water from the terminal of centralized pure water supply system.Methods A two-stage controlled study was conducted,and microbial limit test was performed on the pure water from the ter-minal of centralized pure water supply system in a hospital.At the first stage,PAA disinfection method was adop-ted,and ozone enhanced disinfection(PAA combined with ozone disinfection)was adopted at the second stage.Dis-infection effects at different stages were compared.Results A total of 211 water specimens were collected for tes-ting,including 101 specimens from PAA disinfection group and 110 from ozone enhanced disinfection group.The bacterial colony qualification rate of terminal pure water from the ozone enhanced disinfection group was higher than PAA group(85.45％vs 74.26％,P=0.04).The median of aerobic bacterial colony number of the ozone enhanced disinfection group(2 CFU/mL)was significantly lower than that of the PAA disinfection group(20 CFU/mL).With time increase after disinfection,the number of aerobic bacteria colony in water specimens from the PAA disinfection group showed a significant upward trend(Day 1 vs Day 92:9 CFU/mL vs 1 062 CFU/mL),while the aerobic bac-teria fluctuation range in the pure water from the ozone enhanced disinfection group was relatively small(Day 1 vs Day 92:8 CFU/mL vs 58 CFU/mL).Conclusion The ozone combined with PAA disinfection method can signifi-cantly reduce the total number of aerobic bacteria in water from the terminal of centralized pure water supply sys-tem,with obvious maintaining effect.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) infection among hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China, and provide basic data for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HPIVs infection.Methods:From November 2014 to February 2020, 5 448 hospitalized children with CAP were enrolled in 14 hospitals in 11 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government in southern China and northern China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or throat swabs were collected, and the nucleic acids of 18 types respiratory viruses including HPIV1-4 were screened by suspension array technology. Demographic data and clinical information were collected for statistical analysis.Results:The total detection rate of HPIVs in 5 448 children with CAP was 8.83% (481/5 448), and the detection rate in males was higher than that in females (62.79% vs. 37.21%; χ2=0.000, P=0.992). The detection rate of HPIVs in 1~< 3 years age group was higher than that in other age groups, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=61.893, P<0.001). The detection rate of HPIVs in the northern region was higher than that in the southern region (9.02% vs 8.65%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2=0.239, P=0.625). The prevalence of HPIV1-4 in northern and southern China was not completely same. HPIV1 was mainly prevalent in autumn in both northern and southern regions. HPIV2 was prevalent in summer in northern China, and the detection rate was low in southern China. HPIV3 reached its peak in both spring and summer in both northern and southern China, but its duration was longer in southern China than in northern China. HPIV4 is mainly popular in autumn in both southern China and northern China. Among 481 children infected with HPIVs, 58.42% (281/481) were infected with HPIV alone, and the main clinical manifestations were cough (90.75%) and fever (68.68%). Out of the HPIV-positive cases, 42.62% (205/481) were co-infected with another type of HPIV or a different virus, while 11.43% (55/481) had co-infections with two or more different viruses. HPIV3 was the most common type of co-infection with other viruses. HPIV3 infection accounted for the largest proportion (76.80%) in 47 HPIVs-positive children with severe pneumonia. Conclusions:HPIVs is one of the most important pathogens causing CAP in children in China, and children under 3 years of age are the main populations of HPIVs infection. The prevalence characteristics of all types of HPIVs in children in the north and south are not completely same. HPIV3 is the dominant type of HPIV infections and causes more severe diseases.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the risk factors of fungal sepsis in 25 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) among preterm infants in China, and to provide a basis for preventive strategies of fungal sepsis. Methods: This was a second-analysis of the data from the "reduction of infection in neonatal intensive care units using the evidence-based practice for improving quality" study. The current status of fungal sepsis of the 24 731 preterm infants with the gestational age of <34⁺⁰ weeks, who were admitted to 25 participating NICU within 7 days of birth between May 2015 and April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. These preterm infants were divided into the fungal sepsis group and the without fungal sepsis group according to whether they developed fungal sepsis to analyze the incidences and the microbiology of fungal sepsis. Chi-square test was used to compare the incidences of fungal sepsis in preterm infants with different gestational ages and birth weights and in different NICU. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to study the outcomes of preterm infants with fungal sepsis, which were further compared with those of preterm infants without fungal sepsis. The 144 preterm infants in the fungal sepsis group were matched with 288 preterm infants in the non-fungal sepsis group by propensity score-matched method. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of fungal sepsis. Results: In all, 166 (0.7%) of the 24 731 preterm infants developed fungal sepsis, with the gestational age of (29.7±2.0) weeks and the birth weight of (1 300±293) g. The incidence of fungal sepsis increased with decreasing gestational age and birth weight (both P<0.001). The preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks accounted for 87.3% (145/166). The incidence of fungal sepsis was 1.0% (117/11 438) in very preterm infants and 2.0% (28/1 401) in extremely preterm infants, and was 1.3% (103/8 060) in very low birth weight infants and 1.7% (21/1 211) in extremely low birth weight infants, respectively. There was no fungal sepsis in 3 NICU, and the incidences in the other 22 NICU ranged from 0.7% (10/1 397) to 2.9% (21/724), with significant statistical difference (P<0.001). The pathogens were mainly Candida (150/166, 90.4%), including 59 cases of Candida albicans and 91 cases of non-Candida albicans, of which Candida parapsilosis was the most common (41 cases). Fungal sepsis was independently associated with increased risk of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.04-2.22, P=0.030) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (adjusted OR 2.55, 95%CI 1.12-5.80, P=0.025). Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure (adjusted OR=2.50, 95%CI 1.50-4.17, P<0.001), prolonged use of central line (adjusted OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.08, P<0.001) and previous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) duration (adjusted OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06, P<0.001) were all independently associated with increasing risk of fungal sepsis. Conclusions: Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis are the main pathogens of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in Chinese NICU. Preterm infants with fungal sepsis are at increased risk of moderate to severe BPD and severe ROP. Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure, prolonged use of central line and prolonged duration of TPN will increase the risk of fungal sepsis. Ongoing initiatives are needed to reduce fungal sepsis based on these risk factors.
Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Birth Weight ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Gestational Age ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Sepsis/epidemiology* ; Retinopathy of Prematurity/epidemiology* ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/epidemiology*

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (MMTVT). Methods: The clinicopathological data of 7 patients with MMTVT who treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2010 and October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were first diagnosed at (M (IQR)) 49 (23) years old (range: 27 to 64 years old). The main clinical manifestations were scrotal enlargement (7 cases) and hydrocele (2 cases). Results: Three patients underwent radical orchiectomy as initial treatment, 2 cases underwent hydrocelectomy due to diagnosis of hydrocele, followed by radical orchiectomy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and 2 cases underwent transscrotal orchiectomy. Common tumor markers of testicular cancer were not significantly elevated in MMTVT. The expression of tumor PD-L1 was positive in 2 out of the 3 cases. One patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 patients received first-line chemotherapy after tumor recurrence. Chemotherapy regimens used include cisplatin+pemetrexed. Up to October 2022, 3 cases relapsed, of which 2 cases died. The median overall survival was 35 months (range: 4 to 87 months) and the median progression-free survival was 6 months (range: 2 to 87 months). Conclusions: MMTVT at early stage should be treated with early radical orchiectomy and followed up closely after surgery. The cisplatin+pemetrexed regimen is a common option for the treatment of metastatic MMTVT, while whether immune checkpoint inhibitors could serve as a second-line treatment option deserves further research.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical phenotypes, genetic characteristics, and pathological features of children with disorders of sex development (DSD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological, clinical phenotype, chromosomal karyotype, gonadal pathology, and genotype data of 165 hospitalized children with DSD at Children's Hospital of Hebei Province and Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from August 2008 to December 2022. RESULTS: Among the 165 children with DSD, common presenting symptoms were short stature (62/165, 37.6%), clitoromegaly (33/165, 20.0%), cryptorchidism (28/165, 17.0%), hypospadias (24/165, 14.5%), and skin pigmentation abnormalities/exteriorized pigmented labia majora (19/165, 11.5%). Chromosomal karyotype analysis was performed on 127 cases, revealing 36 cases (28.3%) of 46,XX DSD, 34 cases (26.8%) of 46,XY DSD, and 57 cases (44.9%) of sex chromosome abnormalities. Among the sex chromosome abnormal karyotypes, the 45,X karyotype (11/57, 19%) and 45,X/other karyotype mosaicism (36/57, 63%) were more common. Sixteen children underwent histopathological biopsy of gonadal tissues, resulting in retrieval of 25 gonadal tissues. The gonadal tissue biopsies revealed 3 cases of testes, 3 cases of dysplastic testes, 6 cases of ovaries, 11 cases of ovotestes, and 1 case each of streak gonad and agenesis of gonads. Genetic testing identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 23 cases (23/36, 64%), including 12 cases of 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by CYP21A2 pathogenic variants. CONCLUSIONS Short stature, clitoromegaly, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and skin pigmentation abnormalities are common phenotypes in children with DSD. 45,X/other karyotype mosaicism and CYP21A2 compound heterozygous variants are major etiological factors in children with DSD. The most commonly observed gonadal histopathology in children with DSD includes ovotestes, ovaries, and testes/dysgenetic testes.
Male ; Humans ; Child ; Disorders of Sex Development/pathology* ; Hypospadias/complications* ; Cryptorchidism/complications* ; Retrospective Studies ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital ; Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Objective: To explore the characteristics of pulmonary blood flow perfusion imaging of single photo emission computer tomography/computer tomography (SPECT/CT) in chronic pulmonary vascular Stenosis (CPVS) caused by different etiological factors. Methods: This is a retropective study. Present study screened 50 consecutive cases diagnosed with chronic pulmonary vascular stenosis from January 2019 to January 2020 in the department of cardiology of Gansu Provincial Hospital and underwent SPECT/CT pulmonary blood flow perfusion examination. Thirteen patients were excluded because of pulmonary vascular lesions with a disease course of less than 3 months and poor image quality. According to the etiology, patients were divided into fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) group, Takyasu's arteritis (PTA) group, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension/chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPH/CTED) group. The severity of pulmonary blood flow perfusion was evaluated in accordance with the Begic scoring principle in the three groups. The overall Begic score, lung lobe scores among three groups were compared. CT signs of lung SPECT/CT, such as enlargement of hilar lymph node, atelectasis, bronchial stenosis, were also analyzed in three groups. Results: A total of 37 patients with chronic pulmonary vascular stenosis were finally enrolled (18 in the FM group, 5 in the PTA group, and 14 in the CTEPH/CTED group). The total Begic score of pulmonary perfusions was similar among the three groups (F=0.657,P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the left upper lobe Begic score among the three groups (H=4.081, P<0.05). The left upper lobe Begic score was higher in the FM group than in the PTA group (3.44±2.50 vs. 1.60±0.55, P<0.05). As compared to other two groups, patients in FM group were featured with CT signs of higher percent of hilar enlargement (FM group vs. PTA group: 16/18 vs. 1/5, P=0.008; FM group vs. CTEPH/CTED group: 16/18 vs. 3/14, P=0.000 2), enlargement of the pulmonary hilum lymph nodes (FM group vs. PTA group: 14/18 vs. 1/5, P=0.033; FM group vs. CTEPH/CTED group: 14/18 vs. 2/14, P=0.001), and calcification of mediastinal soft tissue (FM group vs. PTA group: 11/18 to 0/5, P=0.037; FM group vs. CTEPH/CTED group: 11/18 vs. 1/14, P=0.003). The proportion of CT signs of bronchial stenosis (9/18 vs. 0/14, P=0.002) and atelectasis (9/18 vs. 1/14, P=0.002) was also higher in the FM group than in the CTEPH/CTED group. In case of abnormal pulmonary blood flow perfusion, the diagnostic accuracy of CT signs hilar enlargement, hilar lymph node enlargement, mediastinal soft tissue calcification, bronchial stenosis, and atelectasis for the diagnosis of FM were 81.1%, 83.8%, 78.4%, 75.7%, and 73.0%, respectively. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the Begic score of SPECT/CT pulmonary blood flow perfusion imagines among the three groups of patients. Impaired pulmonary blood flow perfusion combined with typical CT signs is useful for identifying patients with FM.
Humans ; Constriction, Pathologic/diagnostic imaging* ; Perfusion ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Mediastinitis ; Calcinosis ; Lung/diagnostic imaging* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed